Development of an instrument for assessing the quality of forensic evidence and expert testimony from three feature‐comparison methods: DNA, voice, and fingerprint analysis

Author(s):  
Alexa Villavicencio‐Queijeiro ◽  
Chantal Loyzance ◽  
Zoraida García‐Castillo ◽  
Jiro Suzuri‐Hernández ◽  
Alejandra Castillo‐Alanís ◽  
...  
2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-264
Author(s):  
Jane R. Bambauer ◽  
Saura Masconale ◽  
Simone M. Sepe

AbstractA person’s epistemic goals sometimes clash with pragmatic ones. At times, rational agents will degrade the quality of their epistemic process in order to satisfy a goal that is knowledge-independent (for example, to gain status or at least keep the peace with friends.) This is particularly so when the epistemic quest concerns an abstract political or economic theory, where evidence is likely to be softer and open to interpretation. Before wide-scale adoption of the Internet, people sought out or stumbled upon evidence related to a proposition in a more random way. And it was difficult to aggregate the evidence of friends and other similar people to the exclusion of others, even if one had wanted to. Today, by contrast, the searchable Internet allows people to simultaneously pursue social and epistemic goals.This essay shows that the selection effect caused by a merging of social and epistemic activities will cause both polarization in beliefs and devaluation of expert testimony. This will occur even if agents are rational Bayesians and have moderate credences before talking to their peers. What appears to be rampant dogmatism could be just as well explained by the nonrandom walk in evidence-gathering. This explanation better matches the empirical evidence on how people behave on social media platforms. It also helps clarify why media outlets (not just the Internet platforms) might have their own pragmatic reasons to compromise their epistemic goals in today’s competitive and polarized information market. Yet, it also makes policy intervention much more difficult, since we are unlikely to neatly separate individuals’ epistemic goals from their social ones.


Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyang Lu ◽  
Mengzhen Ju ◽  
Shanshan Chu ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
Yuzhe Huang ◽  
...  

Platycodi Radix (PR) is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., which has been used for a long time in China to treat pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of PR samples collected from 23 regions of 11 provinces in China. Eight saponins were quantified using HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The samples with the highest total contents of saponins were from southern China, such as Yunnan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Guangzhou. The fingerprint analysis of PR samples was conducted by HPLC-UV method. Nineteen common peaks were selected and the similarity values varied from 0.607 to 0.921. These findings indicated that the saponins contents of PR from different regions varied significantly, with PR samples from southern China having the highest contents of saponins. These comprehensive methods were successful in evaluating the quality of PR samples from northern and southern China, which will serve as a guide for the development of PR as a clinical medication.


Author(s):  
Polina Shafran Abramov ◽  
Roman V. Yampolskiy

Stylometry is a study of text linguistic properties that brings together various fields of research such as statistics, linguistics, computer science and more. Stylometry methods have been used for historic investigation, as forensic evidence and an educational tool. This chapter presents a method to automatically estimate individual's IQ based on quality of writing and discusses challenges associated with it. The method utilizes various text features and NLP techniques to calculate indexes which are used to estimate individual's IQ. The results show a high degree of correlation between expected and estimated IQs in cases when IQ is within the average range. Obtaining good estimation for IQs on the high and low ends of the spectrum proves to be more challenging and this work offers several reasons for that. Over the years stylometry benefitted from wide exposure and interest among researches, however it appears that there aren't studies that focus on using stylometry methods to estimate individual's intelligence. Perhaps this work presents the first in-depth attempt to do so.


1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Newman

Mental health experts must be held to a high standard of quality when presenting opinions in legal cases involving children. This article sets forth a number of suggestions for judges, lawyers, and mental health professionals themselves to consider in preparing, scrutinizing, and judging the quality of forensic reports and testimony. The many pitfalls of forensic work need to be understood if such expertise is to be given its proper weight in these cases.


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene C Grose

Fingerprint identification has long been used by law enforcement to either identify or eliminate potential suspects in a case. It relies on friction ridges – the upraised skin that forms grooves on fingers – and friction ridge impressions, which form from natural secretions of sweat and other trace components. Latent prints, a common term for friction ridge impressions, have many benefits and advantages as a type of forensic evidence. However, they are not a perfect tool: wrongful convictions identified by post-conviction DNA testing and the re-evaluation of forensic evidence have spawned criticism and investigation into the scientific basis of this branch of forensics. This literature review examines literature in both the scientific and legal fields, and investigates three main themes: the principle of uniqueness assumed in individualization, the presence of cognitive bias and human error in analysis, and the changing role of expert testimony in court. There are arguments both for and against uniqueness, but it is still difficult to prove using statistical models and data analysis. Bias in examiners, on the other hand, undeniably exists in different ways, and should be actively guarded against in fingerprint analysis and expert testimony. Expert witness testimony that misleads, exaggerates, or is scientifically unsupportable has been linked to wrongful convictions in the past, highlighting the importance of careful regulation of how an expert witness is advised to testify. In addition to these topics, the techniques of collecting latent print evidence and the standard procedures of analysis have also been examined and evaluated for potential sources of error. Le maintien de l’ordre public utilise depuis longtemps les empreintes digitales pour identifier et éliminer des suspects d’une affaire criminelle. Les empreintes digitales se ent aux crêtes papillaires — les crêtes et les creux qui formes des rainures sur les doigts — et des empreintes des crêtes papillaires, ce qui se forme par les sécrétions naturelles de transpiration et autres composantes de traces. Les empreintes latentes, un terme courant pour les empreintes digitales, possèdent plusieurs avantages en tant qu’élément médico-légal de preuve. Toutefois, ce n’est pas une ressource able; des condamnations injustifiées identifiées par un test d’ADN post-condamnatoire et la réévaluation de l’évidence médico-légale ont frayé des critiques et des enquêtes de la base des sciences des empreintes digitales. Cette revue examine les textes dans les domaines scientifiques et médico-légaux, et examine trois thèmes : le principe d’unicité assumé par l’individualisation, la présence d’un biais cognitif et l’erreur humaine dans l’analyse, et le rôle changeant de témoignages experts devant la Cour. Il existe des arguments pour et contre l’unicité, mais l’unicité est tout de même difficile à prouver en utilisant les modèles statistiques et l’analyse de données. Un préjugé chez les examinateurs, d’autres parts, existe incontestablement, et devrait être activement évité lors de l’analyse d’empreinte digitale et de témoignages experts. Le témoignage d’expert qui induit en erreur, qui est exagéré ou qui est scientifiquement faux a mené à des condamnations injusti ées dans le passé, ce qui met en évidence l’importance d’une législation prudente sur comment l’expert est conseillé de témoigner. En plus de ces thèmes, les techniques de collecte des empreintes digitales latentes et les procédures normales d’analyse ont aussi été examinés et évalués pour des sources d’erreurs potentielles. 


Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 2920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Tong Zhou ◽  
Kai Luan ◽  
Lian-Li Ni ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Shi-Meng Yuan ◽  
...  

As a folk medicine of the Jingpo minority in Yunnan province, the venom of Vespa magnifica has been commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Quality standardization of the wasp venom is a necessary step for its pharmaceutical research and development. To control the quality of the wasp venom, a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for chemical fingerprint analysis. In the chromatographic fingerprinting, chemometrics procedures, including similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied to classify 134 batches (S1–S134) of wasp venom from different origins. The HPLC fingerprint method displayed good precision (Relative standard deviation, RSD < 0.27%), stability (in 16 h, RSD < 0.34%), and repeatability (RSD < 1.00%). Simultaneously, four compounds (VMS1, VMS2, VMS3, and VMS4) in the wasp venom were purified and identified. VMS1 was 5-hydroxytryptamine, and the other compounds were three peptides that were sequenced as follows: Gly–Arg–Pro–Hyp–Gly–Phe–Ser–Pro–Phe–Arg–Ile–Asp–NH2 (VMS2), Ile–Asn–Leu–Lys–Ala–Ile–Ala–Ala–Leu–Ala–Lys–Lys–Leu–Leu–NH2 (VMS3), and Phe–Leu–Pro–Ile–Ile–Gly–Lys–Leu–Leu–Ser–Gly–Leu–Leu–NH2 (VMS4). The quantifications for these components were 110.2 mg/g, 26.9 mg/g, 216.3 mg/g, and 58.0 mg/g, respectively. The results of this work indicated that the combination of the chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis offers a reasonable way to evaluate the quality of wasp venom.


predict counter-arguments to your own. Then you can consider how you would deal with them. The essential quality of a well structured argument is that it takes the reader/ listener from the beginning to the end and makes them hold to the opinion that the argument is correct or the most plausible argument. Sometimes, the process of argument uses bridges from one fact to another that are not made of evidence but of inference. It is not wrong to assert a proposition that is not backed by evidence, but an adjudicating body is not compelled to accept the validity of an unproved proposition. It is difficult to refute a proposition backed by strong evidence but of course evidence is not always strong, it may be tenuous, or medium strong, etc. So, there are many variables present in an argument. One has to look for the weak points. Most adjudicating bodies have elements of discretion and can accept the tenuous but plausible explanatory bridge from one proven fact to another as the argument progresses to conclusion. Much depends on the minor or major nature of the proposition asserted. If it is pivotal for the case, then it must be backed by evidence. Lawyers will tend to take the little jumps with plausibility and, hopefully, the big jumps with proven propositions! At the everyday level of explanation, a legal argument tends to say: • This happened. • The following law states that this behaviour is illegal in certain circumstances. • These witnesses, these official documents, this forensic evidence prove that it happened. • It can be proved therefore that X did this. • X, therefore, broke the law. An essay may argue about theory, rather than fact, but the structures remain the same. Argument construction is not difficult if there has been meticulous preparation of information. The argument will be basic or elegant depending upon the development of skills, understanding of the law, the level of preparation, thought and reflection that has gone into the argument construction. What one gets back is proportional to the quality of what has gone in. A strong argument may ultimately be rejected if there is a fair amount of discretion, but the person who has forwarded it will know it is good. Indeed, often an adjudicator, even when deciding against an argument, will compliment the argument constructor on the art with which it was done. 7.10 THE MODIFIED ‘WIGMORE CHART METHOD’ Anderson and Twining (1991) brought the Wigmore Chart Method to the attention of legal educators. This is an interesting method using symbols, numbers and key lists to allow simultaneous consideration of evidence and facts to enhance factual analysis and ultimately impact legal analysis. The chart is set out in Figure 7.16, below, as a preview. The remainder of this section explains how such a chart is produced, what it says, and why it is indeed extremely useful as a teaching tool for argument construction.

2012 ◽  
pp. 238-238

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy Martire ◽  
Danielle Navarro ◽  
Gary Edmond

Title: Exploring Juror Evaluations of Expert Opinions Using the Expert Persuasion Expectancy (ExPEx) Framework PurposeFactfinders in trials struggle to differentiate witnesses who offer genuinely expert opinions from those who do not. The Expert Persuasion Expectancy (ExPEx) framework proposes eight attributes logically relevant to this assessment: foundation, field, specialty, ability, opinion, support, consistency and trustworthiness. We present two experiments examining the effects of these attributes on the persuasiveness of a forensic gait analysis opinion. MethodsJury-eligible participants rated the credibility, value and weight of an expert report that was either generally strong (Exp. 1; N = 437) or generally weak (Exp. 2; N = 435). The quality of ExPEx attributes varied between participants. Allocation to condition (none, foundation, field, specialty, ability, opinion, support, consistency, trustworthiness) determined which attribute in the report would be weak (cf. strong; Exp. 1), or strong (cf. weak; Exp. 2). ResultsIn Experiment 1, the persuasiveness of a strong report was significantly undermined by weak versions of ability, consistency and trustworthiness. In Experiment 2. a weak report was significantly improved by strong versions of ability and consistency. Unplanned analyses of subjective ratings also identified effects of foundation, field, specialty and opinion.ConclusionsWe found that evidence that ability (i.e., personal proficiency), consistency (i.e., endorsement by other experts), and trustworthiness (i.e., objectivity) attributes influence opinion persuasiveness in logically appropriate ways. Ensuring that factfinders have information about these attributes may improve their assessments of expert opinion evidence. KEYWORDS: Expert opinion; Persuasion; Expert Testimony; Jury decision-making; Expert evidence


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