Latitudinal distribution of microbial communities in anaerobic biological stabilization ponds: effect of the mean annual temperature

Here, we provided a comprehensive analysis of long-term drought and climate extreme patterns in the agro ecological zones (AEZs) of Pakistan during 1980–2019. Drought trends were investigated using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at various timescales (SPEI-1, SPEI-3, SPEI-6, and SPEI-12). The results showed that droughts (seasonal and annual) were more persistent and severe in the southern, southwestern, southeastern, and central parts of the region. Drought exacerbated with slopes of −0.02, −0.07, −0.08, −0.01, and −0.02 per year. Drought prevailed in all AEZs in the spring season. The majority of AEZs in Pakistan’s southern, middle, and southwestern regions had experienced substantial warming. The mean annual temperature minimum (Tmin) increased faster than the mean annual temperature maximum (Tmax) in all zones. Precipitation decreased in the southern, northern, central, and southwestern parts of the region. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a robust increase in temperature extremes with a variance of 76% and a decrease in precipitation extremes with a variance of 91% in the region. Temperature and precipitation extremes indices had a strong Pearson correlation with drought events. Higher temperatures resulted in extreme drought (dry conditions), while higher precipitation levels resulted in wetting conditions (no drought) in different AEZs. In most AEZs, drought occurrences were more responsive to precipitation. The current findings are helpful for climate mitigation strategies and specific zonal efforts are needed to alleviate the environmental and societal impacts of drought.

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Tropospheric temperature variation over India and links with the Indian summer monsoon : 1971-2000

MAUSAM ◽

10.54302/mausam.v53i3.1646 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 289-308

Author(s):

D. R. KOTHAWALE ◽

K. RUPA KUMAR

Keyword(s):

Summer Monsoon ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Tropospheric Temperature ◽

Temperature Variations ◽

Annual Cycles ◽

The Mean ◽

Spatio Temporal

In the context of the ever increasing interest in the regional aspects of global warming, understanding the spatio-temporal variations of tropospheric temperature over India is of great importance. The present study, based on the data from 19 well distributed radiosonde stations for the period 1971-2000, examines the seasonal and annual mean temperature variations at the surface and five selected upper levels, viz., 850, 700, 500, 200 and 150 hPa. An attempt has also been made to bring out the association between tropospheric temperature variations over India and the summer monsoon variability, including the role of its major teleconnection parameter, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Seasonal and annual mean all-India temperature series are analyzed for surface and five tropospheric levels. The mean annual cycles of temperature at different tropospheric levels indicate that the pre-monsoon season is slightly warmer than the monsoon season at the surface, 850 hPa and 150 hPa levels, while it is relatively cooler at all intermediate levels. The mean annual temperature shows a warming of 0.18° C and 0.3° C per 10 years at the surface and 850 hPa, respectively. Tropospheric temperature anomaly composites of excess (deficient) monsoon rainfall years show pronounced positive (negative) anomalies during the month of May, at all the levels. The pre-monsoon pressure of Darwin has significant positive correlation with the monsoon temperature at the surface and 850 hPa.

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Studies of Englacial Profiles in the Lake Hazen Area of Northern Ellesmere Island

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s002214300002373x ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 3 (27) ◽

pp. 610-625

Author(s):

G. Hattersley-Smith

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Budget Deficit ◽

Ice Core ◽

Ellesmere Island ◽

Equilibrium Line ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

The Past ◽

Ice Cap ◽

The North ◽

The Mean

AbstractGlaciological research on the ice cap to the north of Lake Hazen in northern Ellesmere Island was one of the main objectives of the Canadian I.G.Y. expedition to this area in 1957–1958. The method of nourishment of this ice cap and of Gilman Glacier, one of its southward-flowing outlets, was studied in pit and bore hole profiles above and below the equilibrium line, which was found at an elevation of about 1,200 m. Between an elevation of about 1,450 and 2,000 m. accumulation is by firn formation, while between about 1,280 and 1,450 m. interfingering of firn and superimposed ice occurs. At 1,800 m. the mean annual accumulation over the past twenty years is estimated as 12.8 g. cm.–2. On Gilman Glacier below the equilibrium line variations in density and crystal structure in an ice core to a depth of 25 m. are seen to depend on the proportion of firn to superimposed ice formed during accumulation. These variations correspond to past changes in the position of the equilibrium line. Englacial temperature measurements indicate a mean annual temperature of about –18.5° C. at an elevation of 1 ,040 m. A budget deficit for Gilman Glacier during two years of observations may be related to the increased summer melting of the last 20 years, deduced from pit studies at 1,800 m.

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Impact of internal variability on climate change for the upcoming decades: analysis of the CanESM2-LE and CESM-LE large ensembles

Climatic Change ◽

10.1007/s10584-019-02550-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 156 (3) ◽

pp. 299-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gabriel Rondeau-Genesse ◽

Marco Braun

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Models ◽

Climate Model ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Internal Variability ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Large Ensemble ◽

Climate Change Effects ◽

Large Ensembles ◽

The Mean

Abstract The pace of climate change can have a direct impact on the efforts required to adapt. For short timescales, however, this pace can be masked by internal variability (IV). Over a few decades, this can cause climate change effects to exceed what would be expected from the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions alone or, to the contrary, cause slowdowns or even hiatuses. This phenomenon is difficult to explore using ensembles such as CMIP5, which are composed of multiple climate models and thus combine both IV and inter-model differences. This study instead uses CanESM2-LE and CESM-LE, two state-of-the-art large ensembles (LE) that comprise multiple realizations from a single climate model and a single GHG emission scenario, to quantify the relationship between IV and climate change over the next decades in Canada and the USA. The mean annual temperature and the 3-day maximum and minimum temperatures are assessed. Results indicate that under the RCP8.5, temperatures within most of the individual large ensemble members will increase in a roughly linear manner between 2021 and 2060. However, members of the large ensembles in which a slowdown of warming is found during the 2021–2040 period are two to five times more likely to experience a period of very fast warming in the following decades. The opposite scenario, where the changes expected by 2050 would occur early because of IV, remains fairly uncommon for the mean annual temperature, but occurs in 5 to 15% of the large ensemble members for the temperature extremes.

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Dust Storms in Northern China: Long-Term Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Climate Controls

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-16-0795.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (17) ◽

pp. 6683-6700 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Qingyu Guan ◽

Xiazhong Sun ◽

Jing Yang ◽

Baotian Pan ◽

Shilei Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Dust Storm ◽

Northern China ◽

Dust Storms ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Spatiotemporal Characteristics ◽

Dust Generation ◽

The Mean

Airborne dust derived from desertification in northern China can be transported to East Asia and other regions, impairing human health and affecting the global climate. This study of northern China dust provides an understanding of the mechanism of dust generation and transportation. The authors used dust storm and climatological data from 129 sites and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets in northern China to analyze spatiotemporal characteristics and determine the main factors controlling dust storms occurring during 1960–2007. Dust storm–prone areas are consistent with the spatial distribution of northern China deserts where the average wind speed (AWS) is more than 2 m s−1, the mean annual temperature (MAT) ranges from 5° to 10°C, and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) is less than 450 mm. Dust storms commonly occur on spring afternoons in a 3- to 6-h pattern. The three predominant factors that can affect DSF are the maximum wind speed, AWS, and MAT. During 1960–2007, dust storm frequency (DSF) in most regions of northern China fluctuated but had a decreasing trend; this was mainly caused by a gradual reduction in wind speed. The effect of temperature on DSF is complex, as positive and negative correlations exist simultaneously. Temperatures can affect source material (dust, sand, etc.), cyclone activity, and vegetation growth status, which influence the generation of dust storms. NDVI and precipitation are negatively correlated with DSF, but the effect is weak. Vegetation can protect the topsoil environment and prevent dust storm creation but is affected by the primary decisive influence of precipitation.

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Efficacy of climate transfer functions: introduction of Eurasian populations of Larix into Alberta

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x99-143 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (11) ◽

pp. 1660-1668 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Gerald E Rehfeldt ◽

Nadja M Tchebakova ◽

Leonard K Barnhardt

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Transfer Functions ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Quadratic Regression ◽

Degree Days ◽

Plant Populations ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

The Mean ◽

Practical Implications

Growth and survival of eight populations of Larix sukaczewii Dylis and one of both Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. were used to assess the effectiveness of climate transfer functions for predicting the 13-year performance of Eurasian provenances introduced to Alberta. Quadratic regression models showed that transfer distances for five climate variables (mean annual temperature, degree-days <0°C, mean temperature in the coldest month, ratio of the mean annual temperature to mean annual precipitation, and the summer-winter temperature range) were particularly effective in predicting height and survival. Optimal transfer distances did not differ significantly from zero, and as a result, the best growth and survival in Alberta should be obtained by matching the provenance climate to that of the planting site for the five variables. Verification of the climate transfer functions with independent data from Russian provenance tests were strongly supportive. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of climate transfer functions for describing the response of plant populations to the environment and thereby have practical implications in reforestation.

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Do microbial communities adapt to the temperature of their climate?

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-776 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Tajmel ◽

Carla Cruz Paredes ◽

Johannes Rousk

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Large Scale ◽

Microbial Growth ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Microbial Processes ◽

Temperature Relationship ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

The Impact

Terrestrial biogeochemical cycles are regulated by soil microorganisms. The microbial carbon release due to respiration and carbon sequestration through microbial growth determine whether soils become sources or sinks for carbon. Temperature i&#8203;s one of the most important environmental factors controlling both microbial growth and respiration. Therefore, to understand the influence of temperature on microbial processes is crucial. One strategy to predict how ecosystems will respond to warming is to use geographical ecosystem differences, in space-for-time (SFT) substitution approaches. We hypothesized (1) that microbes should be adapted to their environmental temperature leading to microbial communities with warm-shifted temperature relationships in warmer environments, and vice versa. Furthermore, we hypothesized&#160; (2) that other factors should not influence microbial temperature relationships, and (3) that the temperature sensitivity of microbial processes (Q10) should be linked to the microbial temperature relationships.&#160;In this project, we investigated the effects of environmental temperature on microbial temperature relationships for microbial growth and respiration along a natural climate gradient along a transect across Europe to predict the impact of a warming climate. The transect was characterized by mean annual temperature (MAT) ranging from - 4 degrees Celsius (Greenland) to 18 degrees Celsius (Southern Spain), while other environmental factor ranges were broad and unrelated to climate, including pH from 4.0 to 8.8, C/N ratio from 7 to 50, SOM from 4% to 94% and plant communities ranging from arctic tundra to Mediterranean grasslands. More than 56 soil samples were analyzed and microbial temperature relationships were determined using controlled short-term laboratory incubations from 0 degrees Celsius to 45 degrees Celsius. The link between microbial temperature relationship and the climate was assessed by using the relationship between the environmental temperature and indices for microbial temperature relationships including the minimum (Tmin), optimum (Topt) and maximum temperature (Tmax) for microbial growth as well as for respiration. To estimate the Tmin, Topt&#160;and Tmax&#160;the square root equation, the Ratkowsky model was used.&#160;We found that microbial communities were adapted to their environmental temperature. The microbial temperature relationship was stronger for microbial growth than for respiration. For 1 degrees Celsius rise in MAT, Tmin increased 0.22 degrees Celsius for bacterial and 0.28 degrees Celsius for fungal growth, while Tmin for respiration increased by 0.16 per 1 degrees Celsius rise. Tmin&#160;was also found to be universally linked to Q10, such that higher Tmin resulted in higher Q10. Other environmental factors (pH, C/N ratio, SOM, vegetation cover) did not influence the temperature relationships. By incorporating the determined relationships between environmental temperature and microbial growth and respiration into large scale ecosystem models, we can get a better understanding of the influence of microbial adaptation to warmer climate on the C-exchange between soils and atmosphere.

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Evaluation of Temperature Differences for Paired Stations of the U.S. Climate Reference Network

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli3358.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 1629-1636 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Kevin P. Gallo

Keyword(s):

Reference Network ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Rural Settings ◽

The Mean ◽

Lapse Rates ◽

The U.S

Abstract Adjustments to data observed at pairs of climate stations have been recommended to remove the biases introduced by differences between the stations in time of observation, temperature instrumentation, latitude, and elevation. A new network of climate stations, located in rural settings, permits comparisons of temperatures for several pairs of stations without two of the biases (time of observation and instrumentation). The daily, monthly, and annual minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures were compared for five pairs of stations included in the U.S. Climate Reference Network. Significant differences were found between the paired stations in the annual minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures for all five pairs of stations. Adjustments for latitude and elevation differences contributed to greater differences in mean annual temperature for four of the five stations. Lapse rates computed from the mean annual temperature differences between station pairs differed from a constant value, whether or not latitude adjustments were made to the data. The results suggest that microclimate influences on temperatures observed at nearby (horizontally and vertically) stations are potentially much greater than influences that might be due to latitude or elevation differences between the stations.

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Microwave Emission From Snow and Glacier Ice

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000031415 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 16 (74) ◽

pp. 23-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 184

Author(s):

T.C. Chang ◽

P. Gloersen ◽

T. Schmugge ◽

T.T. Wilheit ◽

H.J. Zwally

Keyword(s):

Accumulation Rate ◽

Mie Scattering ◽

Microwave Emission ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Grain Sizes ◽

Glacier Ice ◽

The Mean ◽

The Individual ◽

Two Parameters

AbstractThe microwave emission from a model snow field, consisting of randomly spaced ice spheres which scatter independently, is calculated. Mie scattering and radiative transfer theory are applied in a manner similar to that used in calculating microwave and optical properties of clouds. The extinction coefficient is computed as a function of both microwave wavelength and ice-particle radius. Volume scattering by the individual ice particles in the snow field significantly decreases the computed emission for particle radii greater than a few hundredths of the microwave wavelength. Since the mean annual temperature and the accumulation rate of dry polar firn mainly determine the grain sizes upon which the microwave emission depends, these two parameters account for the main features of the 1.55 cm emission observed from Greenland and Antarctica with the Nimbus-5 scanning radiometer. For snow particle sizes normally encountered, most of the calculated radiation emanates from a layer on the order of 10 m in thickness at a wavelength of 2.8 cm, and less at shorter wavelengths. A marked increase in emission from wet versus dry snow is predicted, a result which is consistent with observations. The model results indicate that the characteristic grain sizes in the radiating layers, dry-firn accumulation rales, areas of summer melting, and physical temperatures, can be determined from multispectral microwave observations.

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Life-cycle studies on Paulinia acuminata (DeGeer) (Orthoptera: Pauliniidae) with particular reference to the effects of constant temperature

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s000748530000763x ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 381-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P. A. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Constant Temperature ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Control Agent ◽

Mean Annual Temperature ◽

Optimum Temperature ◽

Salvinia Molesta ◽

Combining Data ◽

Series Of Experiments ◽

The Mean

AbstractThe effects were examined of constant temperature on the life-cycle of Paulinia acuminata (Deg.), a potential biological control agent for Salvinia molesta. Over the range of temperatures tested (25–36°C), the duration of the life-cycle varied from approximately 85 days to 38 days. Egg development was most rapid at 33–36°C, but percentage hatch was greatest at 33–34°C. The duration of the nymphal period continued to decrease up to 36°C. The optimum temperature for nymphal development appeared to be higher than for eggs since temperature did not significantly affect nymphal mortality, which was about 50%. There were sometimes five and sometimes six instars, six being rather more common at lower than at higher temperatures. Crowded nymphs developed more slowly than isolated ones. Population growth rate statistics were calculated by combining data from several series of experiments. In an attempt to predict the results of a release of Paulinia at Lake Kariba between Zambia and Zimbabwe, these statistics were related to the mean annual temperature on the lake. It was estimated that P. acuminata would undergo three generations a year, with the population increasing by a factor of 8000 per annum.

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