“Like a Fanciful Kind of Half Being”: Mary Wollstonecraft's Criticism of Jean‐Jacques Rousseau

Hypatia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Broad Scope ◽  
Normative Significance ◽  
Biological Reductionism

The article investigates the philosophical foundations and details of Mary Wollstonecraft's criticism of Jean‐Jacques Rousseau's views on the education and nature of women. I argue that Wollstonecraft's criticism must not be understood as a constructionist critique of biological reductionism. The first section analyzes the differences between Wollstonecraft's and Rousseau's views on the possibility of a true civilization and shows how these differences connect to their respective conceptions of moral psychology. The section shows that Wollstonecraft's disagreement with Rousseau's views on women was rooted in a broad scope of philosophical disagreement. The second section focuses on Rousseau's concept of nature, and I argue that Rousseau was neither a biological determinist nor a functionalist who denied that nature had any normative significance. The section ends with a discussion of Wollstonecraft's criticism of Rousseau's application of the distinction between the natural and the artificial. The third section focuses on Wollstonecraft's critique of Rousseau's claim that there are different standards for the perfectibility of men and women. The article concludes with a critical discussion of the claim that Aristotle would have provided Wollstonecraft with the philosophical tools she needed for her criticism of Rousseau.

Diagnosing Moral Failures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Kasperbauer
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Moral Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frequent Failure

This chapter discusses why people often fail to meet their moral goals and identifies the main obstacles in achieving moral change. It shows how psychological processes specific to animals, as outlined in chapters 2–4, interact with broader components of moral psychology. Three main moral psychological factors are discussed: emotions, situational conditions, and self-control. These factors are used to illustrate the frequent failure of reason and higher-level cognition to modify our moral responses, including our treatment of animals. The discussion draws from a wide range of research within empirical moral psychology as well as recent critical discussion of this research among philosophers.

Gender and Power: Boys Will Be Boys and So Will Girls

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Carey
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Third ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Gender And Power ◽  
Depth Interviews

This paper examines the treatment of women by men in two areas of male-dominated employment: specific professions and non- traditional ‘manual’ employment such as construction, transport, and other trade workers. Based on data from secondary sources, and in-depth interviews with non-traditionally employed women in Northern Ireland, the paper is divided into three main parts. The first section assesses the extent of harassment and discrimination towards women in male- dominated professions; the second provides a similar account of the treatment of non-traditionally employed women in Northern Ireland. Evidence suggests that there is a dichotomy in the treatment of women between the two areas discussed - given that men and women in ‘manual’ employment seem to sustain a more ‘peer-like’ relationship than their counterparts in some male-dominated professions. Thus, in the third section of the paper, while attempting to avoid the trap of dualism, I posit reasons for the existence of such a dichotomy.

scholarly journals Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Colon

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tagore Sunkara ◽  
Megan E Caughey ◽  
Priyanka Makkar ◽  
Febin John ◽  
Vinaya Gaduputi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Adenosquamous Carcinoma ◽  
Colorectal Cancers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Carcinoma Of The Colon ◽  
The Third

Overall, colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women, meaning that it is one of the more widely recognized preventable cancers. Instances of colorectal malignancies though are overwhelmingly attributable to adenocarcinoma. Colorectal cancers with components of squamous cell carcinoma represent a statistical anomaly. Here, we present the case of a 50-year-old male, who complained of abdominal pain and weight loss over a 3-month period of time. Biopsies from a colonoscopy ultimately revealed that this patient’s colon cancer consisted of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, representing a truly exceptional pathology finding in a patient diagnosed with a colorectal cancer.

Jurassic Park

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Steven Spielberg ◽  
The Third ◽  
Close Encounters ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

‘Constellations: Jurassic Park’ explores how Steven Spielberg used the film to investigate several key themes that have been important to him across his career. These themes are: nature and humankind’s relationship with it, the importance of cinematic fantasy and how it shapes our view of the world, and the impact of toxic masculinity on both men and women. The book also looks at how Spielberg blends genres across his career as a whole and Jurassic Park specifically. This is particularly true of the science fiction and horror genres, which are used in Jurassic Park to create a film that is both cathartically scary and thematically satisfying. These points are contextualised within the wider scope of Spielberg’s life and career to understand how Jurassic Park acted as bridging point between the light entertainments he had been known for up to that point (Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, for example) and the more serious filmmaking he focused on after its release (Saving Private Ryan and Lincoln).

An Ineffective Controversy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Critical Consciousness ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
Dominant Narratives

This epilogue presents three strategies for making a critical discussion of neoliberalism more effective, some of which have been taken up by other scholars in recent years. The first is simply to develop greater critical consciousness about dominant narratives of neoliberalism—where they come from, and what their effects are likely to be. The second strategy, related to the first, is to turn greater attention to the flexibility of many elements of neoliberal reforms, and to the relationships they may have to diverse political projects. The third and final strategy is simply to take more seriously the question of what makes a particular tradition “neoliberal”; to ask in what, precisely, its neoliberalism consists.

The concept «reality» in John Berger’s essay about Vincent Van Gogh as an instrument of fine artworks interpretation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Tetyana Lunyova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Vincent Van Gogh ◽  
The Third ◽  
Artistic Representation ◽  
The World ◽  
Art For Art's Sake ◽  
World Image

The article investigates the interpretative function of the concept REALITY in John Berger’s essay about Vincent van Gogh’s art by applying the methodology of cognitive linguistics. Following Nikolay N. Boldyrev, the interpretative function of the language is considered in the article as the third main linguistic function. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the study are further developed with the idea, which is expressed by several researchers (V. V. Feshchenko, Ye. A. Yelina, U. A. Zharkova), that discourse about art performs an interpretative role. The aim of the study is to reveal the linguo-cognitive mechanisms that enable the concept REALITY to operate as a means of interpretation of van Gogh’s art in Berger’s essay. The research has demonstrated that before the concept REALITY is applied to the analysis of van Gogh’s paintings and drawings, this concept is explicitly interpreted in the essay. The following linguo-cognitive mechanisms are employed to make the content of the concept REALITY clear to the reader: actualization of the commonly known sense «reality is opposed to imagination», critical discussion of this sense, introduction of the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS THE OBJECT THAT SHOULD BE SALVAGED, and actualization of the selected fragments of the philosophical world image as well as scholarly world image, especially the conception of art for art’s sake and the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS SOMETHING THAT LIES BEHIND THE SCREEN CREATED BY THE CULTURE. Thus, having been thoroughly interpreted in the essay, the concept REALITY is used as an instrument of the interpretation of van Gogh’s artistic principles and artworks. The following linguo-cognitive mechanisms support the concept REALITY in its interpretative function: applying the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS SOMETHING THAT LIES BEHIND THE SCREEN CREATED BY THE CULTURE to read van Gogh’s letters, using the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS THE OBJECT THAT SHOULD BE SALVAGED to analyse the facts from the painter’s life, introducing the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS THE CONSUMING ITSELF PHOENIX, actualizing of the concepts WORK and PRODUCTION as the key concepts in the artist’s world image, utilizing the concepts WORK and PRODUCTION to interpret several of van Gogh’s paintings, applying the actualized conception of art for art’s sake to reveal van Gogh’s artistic principles, constructing the conceptual metaphors VAN GOGH’S ART IS APPROACHING THE WORLD and VAN GOGH’S ARTISTIC REPRESENTATION OF REALITY IS DISSOLVING IN REALITY, and constructing the conceptual metaphor VAN GOGH’S PAINTINGS ARE LASERS.

Colorectal cancer

2007 ◽  
pp. 343-356
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
The Third ◽  
Management Issues

Introduction 344 Treatment approaches to colorectal cancer 346 Care of the patient with a stoma 350 Nursing management issues 354 • Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer in UK (fourth worldwide) with over 34,000 UK cases diagnosed annually. • It affects men and women almost equally....

scholarly journals Introduction

Ramus ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
A. J. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Annual Lecture ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roman Literature ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Work And Life

Martial offers not only an anatomy of Roman sexuality but an ideology of it.J. P. Sullivan, Martial: The Unexpected ClassicWhat persuades men and women to mistake each other from time to time for gods or vermin is ideology.T. Eagleton, Ideology: An IntroductionJohn Sullivan's last public engagement was to deliver a paper at the third USC-UCLA Seminar in Roman Studies on St. Patrick's day 1993. The subject of the seminar was ‘Literature and Ideology’, and featured Tom Habinek (USC), Carole Newlands (UCLA), myself as moderator, and John himself, who was to speak on ‘Martial and Flavian Ideology’. John's deteriorating condition prevented him from attending the seminar and a timely replacement was found in the person of a fellow ‘Patrician’, Patrick Sinclair of UC Irvine. The seminar was crowded with John's southern Californian friends and colleagues, and the three and a half hours of lively, rigorous, intellectually tough but friendly discourse were very much in the spirit of the missing speaker, whose absence was incontrovertibly the defining presence. I approached the speakers later with the idea of a Festschrift for John, built upon the theme of the seminar and containing revised versions of their own papers. They warmly agreed. Such is the germination of this volume. To those initial three papers have been added two papers (those of Malamud and Winkler) from the Pacific Rim Roman Literature seminar organised by Frederick Ahl in honour of John at Cornell in August 1993, five specially commissioned pieces from other friends and literary colleagues, and the text of the first J.P. Sullivan Annual Lecture in Classics held at UCSB in March 1994. The aim has been to treat a topic which was becoming central to John Sullivan's own inquiries and to produce a volume with more intellectual and critical cohesion than is often the case with honorific collections. I wanted the result to be as worthy as is possible of the man and the values he embodied in work and life.

scholarly journals The Effect of Surgery on the Concentration of Circulating Megakaryocytes and Platelets

Blood ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER BRESLOW ◽  
RICHARD M. KAUFMAN ◽  
ALAN R. LAWSKY
Keyword(s):  
Maximal Level ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antecubital Vein ◽  
Platelet Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract The mean concentration of megakaryocytes in antecubital vein blood of 43 normal men and women was 3.4/ml. (range 0-13). No circulating megakaryocytes were found in 6 patients with thrombocytopenia due to marrow failure. Following surgery the average maximal megakaryocyte level increased to 50/ml. (range 15-190) from a preoperative mean of 8/ml. The maximal level was reached on about the third postoperative day with the platelet concentration reaching maximal levels 3 to 6 days later.

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