scholarly journals Migration Industries and the State: Guestwork Programs in East Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Surak
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Gray Area ◽  
Temporary Migrant ◽  
Migrant Work

Studies of migration industries have demonstrated the critical role that border-spanning businesses play in international mobility. To date, most research has focused on meso-level entrepreneurial initiatives that operate in a legal gray area under a state that provides an environment for their growth or decline. Extending this work, the present article advances a taxonomy of the ways states partner with migration industries based on the nature of their relationship (formal or informal) and the type of actor involved (for-profit or non-profit). The analysis focuses on low-paid temporary migrant work programs — schemes that require substantial state involvement to function — and examines cases from the East Asian democracies with strong economies that have become net importers of migrants: Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea. The conclusion, incorporating cases beyond Asia, explicates the properties and limits of each arrangement based on the degree of formality and importance of profit.

scholarly journals The Formal Agricultural Input Sector: A Missing Asset in Developing Nations?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10697
Author(s):  
Boaz Anglade ◽  
Marilyn E. Swisher ◽  
Rose Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Agricultural Input

The formal input supply sector has received little attention in developing nations, including Haiti. We interviewed input store owners in Haiti and collected information on the availability and sources of inputs and challenges facing vendors. Three large suppliers import most inputs available to farmers. Second tier traders, mostly small stores that purchase from the major suppliers, play a critical role in making inputs accessible to rural communities. These formal stores have significant potential to transform the agricultural sector but face three major challenges. (1) Improved seed is a critically needed input, but older cultivars dominate because there is limited breeding in Haiti, few seed importers, and inadequate patent protections that make holders reluctant to move new varieties into Haiti. (2) The types of fertilizers and pesticides available to farmers are limited and many are technologically outdated. (3) In-country transportation is slow and relatively expensive and needed inputs often do not reach farmers in a timely manner. We conclude that approaches that bring together the strengths and assets of the public sector, the non-profit private sector and the for-profit private sector and increased attention to policy measures that benefit all three sectors are requisites for supply chain development in Haiti.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Sheltered Workshops. Does Legal Status Matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1100
Author(s):  
María-Celia López-Penabad ◽  
José Manuel Maside-Sanfiz ◽  
Juan Torrelles-Manent ◽  
Carmen López-Andión
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Truncated Regression ◽  
Social Efficiency ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Sheltered Workshops ◽  
For Profit

Social enterprise pursues both social and economic goals and is recognized as a formula for achieving sustainable development. Sheltered workshops (SWs) are a manifestation of this phenomenon, their main objective being the labor market integration of disabled people. In this paper, the efficiency of SWs has been studied taking into account the operational and the core social aspects, as well as their distinct nature, namely for-profit or non-profit status. Additionally, we have analyzed the relationship between the social efficiency and the economic returns of these entities. To do this, a semiparametric methodology, combining different data envelopment analysis (DEA) models with truncated regression estimation has been used. It is the non-profit and top-performing SWs that achieve the best social and economic efficiency. For-profit and low-performing SWs show further reductions in social efficiency as a result of the economic crisis and uncertainty in subsidy-related public policies. Their extensive social proactiveness and high economic strength in the crisis period positively influenced their social and economic efficiency. We have also proven that it is the most profitable SWs that have the greatest social efficiency. We consider that our results constitute a useful complement to other evaluation models for social enterprise.

Beyond the Grey Zone: Organization Research Publishing and Bibliodiversity in the Research Communication System

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Communication ◽  
Industry Sectors

Research publishing involves the production, use and management of research in a variety of genres and formats by commercial and non-profit academic publishers, and by organizations in government, civil society, university and industry sectors. However discussion of research publishing mainly tends to focus on the production and circulation of peer-reviewed academic journals and to a lesser extent books produced by commercial academic publishers. Research reports and papers produced by organizations outside the formal publishing system play a critical role in the research and development (R&D) system, yet they are often overlooked in studies on open scholarship and research communication. This is partly due to a lack of terminology to adequately describe the diverse publishing practices of organizations which operate across a spectrum from formal to informal economic activity. In this article I define and contextualise research publishing by organizations in relation to other forms of academic publishing and recent calls for greater bibliodiversity in scholarly communication. Commonly used terms such as ‘grey literature’ or ‘unpublished literature’ are inadequate to describe and account for the proliferation and importance of diverse research genres and formats able to be produced, published and disseminated in print and online by think tanks, government agencies, industry bodies and research centres. By taking a more holistic, systems-oriented approach to research publishing we can begin to understand the diverse actors, institutions and practices involved in knowledge production and develop appropriate policies, infrastructure and management practices to support an effective, efficient, equitable, credible and sustainable research knowledge commons in the public interest.

scholarly journals The Transnationalization of Labor Mobility: Development Trends and Selected Challenges Involved in Its Regulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Ludger Pries ◽  
Martina Maletzky
Keyword(s):  
Labor Mobility ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Term Labor

Internationalization of value chains and of for-profit as well as non-profit organizations, and as a result of cheaper and safer mass migration, transnational labor mobility is of increasing importance. The article presents the development of the different types of cross-border labor mobility (from long-term labor migration over expatriats/inpatriats up to business traveling); it analyses crucial aspects of labor conditions and how the collective regulation of working, employment and participation conditions in general is affected: could local or national forms of labor regulation cope with these new conditions? What are the main challenges when it comes to collective bargaining and the monitoring of labor conditions? The article is based on a three year international and comparative research in Germany and Mexico. First, different ideal types of transnational labor mobility are distinguished that have emerged as a result of increasing cross-border labor mobility. Then potential sources of labor related social inequality and challenges in the regulation of the working, employment and participation conditions for transnational workers are discussed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn for further research.

scholarly journals OVERCROWDED PRISONS IN PAKISTAN: UNDERSTANDING THE CRITICAL ROLE OF PROBATION, PAROLE OFFICERS AND COURTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Mukhtyar Nabi ◽  
◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Kamran ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Parole Officers ◽  
The World

Prison is a place for rehabilitation of offenders in every country of the world. The present study has tried to explore the present-day situation of the prison system of Pakistan and discuss its overcrowding condition in all four provinces. There are total 120 prisons in the country which hold authorized space for not more than 57,712 prisoners, but the number of inmates is 77,275, which is far away from the authorized space. This congested prison system not only creates hurdles in rehabilitation of prisoners but makes them more criminal by mixing of low and high frequency offenders. It also leads to various health and behavioral problems. Rehabilitation is only possible if there is balance in authorized and available prisoners in the prisons. The present article has come up with some viable suggestion for concerned authorities that can better perform their duty in eradication of this problem. The authors discussed the role of parole and probation officers in the elimination of these numbers in prison. The majority of the prisoners in our prisons are under-trail, thus the role of the judiciary has also been explored in balancing the incarceration ratio in prisons. Keywords: Prison System, Overcrowded Prisons, Parole and Probation, Judiciary, Courts, Pakistan

scholarly journals Social Non-profit Bioentrepreneurship: Current Status and Future Impact on Global Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir H. Sadeghi ◽  
Charlotte Koldeweij ◽  
Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago ◽  
Milad Tannazi ◽  
Nikkie Hosseinnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
For Profit

For-profit biotechnological and pharmaceutical companies have played an essential role in the research and development (R&D) of innovative medical products and drugs for many decades and embody a trillion-dollar industry. The past decades have been marked by an increase in growth of social non-profit biotechnology companies and organizations led by entrepreneurs committed to solve (global) health issues. In this review, we define the concept of social bioentrepreneurship and consider the potential impact of such ventures on global health. We analyse the current status of non-profit biotechnology and clarify the strategy, motivation, funding, and marketing techniques of these enterprises. We find that these non-profit ventures mainly focus on neglected and rare diseases by using different but also similar funding, marketing, and business strategy approaches to for-profit biotechnology enterprises. We also identify good leadership, multidisciplinary teams, and public awareness as key components to achieve long-term survival and higher success rates. Challenges faced by bioentrepreneurs include the lack of a clearly defined regulatory environment or governmental incentives to support their endeavors. Overall, with this qualitative data review and market analysis we draw a promising picture of social non-profit bioentrepreneurship and underscore its current and future impact on global health issues.

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