Partition Coefficients of Food Package Printing ink Solvents in Soybean Oil, Chocolate Liquor, and a High Fat Baked Product

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of starch in a low-fat concentrate mixture by 8% soybean oil on the yield and composition of milk fat were investigated in a feeding experiment with 6 cows in mid lactation. Two high-fat concentrate mixtures were given to the cows. In one the requisite amount of soybean oil was given by including 50% coarsely ground soybeans in the concentrate mixture. In the other an equal amount of soybean oil was added directly to the concentrate mixture. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied 5·5kg hay and 2·7kg of sugar-beet pulp/day.When the 2 high-fat rations were given to the cows there were reductions in the percentages and yields of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids and increases in the concentrations and yields of 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 fatty acids in the milk fat. The direct addition of the soybean oil to the diet also reduced the percentage and yield of 6:0 and 8:0 whilst the inclusion of the soybeans increased the percentage of 4:0 and the yields of 4: 0 and 6:0 in the milk fat.When both high-fat rations were given to the cows there were increases in the yields and concentrations of as-9–18:1 in the milk fat, whilst inclusion of the soybean oil in the diet increased also the concentration and yield of trans-11–18:1.The implications of these findings are discussed.

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The relationship between plasma lipid composition and milk fat secretion in cows given diets containing soybean oil

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900013686 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 57-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

W. Steele ◽

R. C. Noble ◽

J. H. Moore

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Cholesteryl Esters ◽

Total Plasma ◽

High Fat ◽

Plasma Triglycerides ◽

High Fat Diets ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

Fat Diets

SummaryThe effects on the composition of the plasma lipids of the isocaloric replacement of starch in a low-fat concentrate mixture by 8 % soybean oil were investigated in a feeding experiment with 6 cows in mid-lactation. Two high-fat concentrate mixtures were given: in one, the soybean oil was incorporated into the diet by the inclusion of the appropriate amount of coarsely ground soybeans; in the other, the soybean oil was incorporated directly in the concentrate mixture. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied daily 5·5kg hay and 2·7kg of sugar-beet pulp.When the cows were given the 2 high-fat diets there were increases in the concentrations of total plasma fatty acids and in the concentrations of fatty acids circulating in the plasma as phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. There were increases in the concentrations of plasma unesterified fatty acids and triglyceride fatty acids when the cows were given the diet containing soybeans but there were decreases in the concentrations of these 2 fractions when the cows were given the diet containing soybean oil.The inclusion of soybeans in the diet increased the concentration of 18:0 in the plasma triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids whilst the inclusion of soybean oil in the diet increased the concentrations of 18:0 and 18:1 but decreased the concentration of 18:2 in the plasma unesterified fatty acids.When the cows were given the 2 high-fat diets there were decreases in the concentrations of 16:0 and 16:1 and increases in the concentration of 18:2 in the plasma cholesteryl esters. The inclusion of soybeans in the diet also reduced the concentrations of 18:1 and 20:3 in the plasma cholesteryl esters but increased the concentrations of 18:0 and 18:2 in the plasma phospholipids.The major fatty acid circulating in the plasma of the cows was 18:2 (46·4–55·3%) on all diets but only about 1% (0·40–1·04%) of the total plasma 18:2 occurred in the plasma triglycerides.The results are discussed in relation to the changes in the composition of the milk fatty acids produced by the cows when they were given the experimental diets.

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n-6 High Fat Diet Induces Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Colonic Inflammation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22136919 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (13) ◽

pp. 6919

Author(s):

Ornella I. Selmin ◽

Andreas J. Papoutsis ◽

Sabine Hazan ◽

Christopher Smith ◽

Nick Greenfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

High Fat ◽

Colonic Inflammation ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Microbiome Profile ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Total Fat ◽

Lactobacillus Murinus

Background: Concerns are emerging that a high-fat diet rich in n-6 PUFA (n-6HFD) may alter gut microbiome and increase the risk of intestinal disorders. Research is needed to model the relationships between consumption of an n-6HFD starting at weaning and development of gut dysbiosis and colonic inflammation in adulthood. We used a C57BL/6J mouse model to compare the effects of exposure to a typical American Western diet (WD) providing 58.4%, 27.8%, and 13.7% energy (%E) from carbohydrates, fat, and protein, respectively, with those of an isocaloric and isoproteic soybean oil-rich n-6HFD providing 50%E and 35.9%E from total fat and carbohydrates, respectively on gut inflammation and microbiome profile. Methods: At weaning, male offspring were assigned to either the WD or n-6HFD through 10–16 weeks of age. The WD included fat exclusively from palm oil whereas the n-6HFD contained fat exclusively from soybean oil. We recorded changes in body weight, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, colon histopathology, and gut microbiome profile. Results: Compared to the WD, the n-6HFD increased plasma levels of n-6 fatty acids; colonic expression of COX-2; and the number of colonic inflammatory and hyperplastic lesions. At 16 weeks of age, the n-6HFD caused a marked reduction in the gut presence of Firmicutes, Clostridia, and Lachnospiraceae, and induced growth of Bacteroidetes and Deferribacteraceae. At the species level, the n-6HFD sustains the gut growth of proinflammatory Mucispirillum schaedleri and Lactobacillus murinus. Conclusions: An n-6HFD consumed from weaning to adulthood induces a shift in gut bacterial profile associated with colonic inflammation.

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Identification and Antioxidant Abilities of Enzymatic-Transesterification (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate Stearyl Derivatives in Non-Aqueous Systems

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10081282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1282

Author(s):

Chengyu Jiang ◽

Li Wang ◽

Xin Huang ◽

Song Zhu ◽

Chaoyang Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Lipid Oxidation ◽

Aqueous System ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Antioxidant Ability ◽

High Fat ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Enzymatic Transesterification ◽

Optimal Reaction ◽

Application Prospects

Vinyl stearate was added to enzymatic transesterification of (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) to enhance its lipophilicity and antioxidant ability in a non-aqueous system. The lipase DF “Amano” 15 was used as the catalyst. The optimal reaction conditions were: acetonitrile as the solvent, the molar ratio of vinyl stearate: EGCG as 3:1, an enzyme amount of 4.0% (ratio of substrate mass), and a reaction temperature and time of 50 °C and 96 h, respectively, achieving 65.2% EGCG conversion. HPLC–MS and NMR were used to determine the structure of EGCG stearyl derivative (3″,5″-2-O-stearyl-EGCG). The lipophilicity of EGCG stearyl derivatives (3.49 ± 0.34) was higher (5.06 times) than that of the parent EGCG (0.69 ± 0.08). Furthermore, EGCG stearyl derivatives had excellent lipid oxidation compared with BHT, BHA, and parent EGCG. The POVs of soybean oil with EGCG stearyl derivatives (18.17 ± 0.92 mEq/kg) were significantly reduced (by 62.5%) at 21 d compared with those of EGCG (48.50 ± 1.23 mEq/kg). These results indicate that EGCG derivatives have broad antioxidant application prospects in lipophilic environments/high-fat food.

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Soybean Oil-Derived Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Liver Damage in NAFLD Induced by Dietary Cholesterol

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10091326 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1326 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Janin Henkel ◽

Eugenia Alfine ◽

Juliana Saín ◽

Korinna Jöhrens ◽

Daniela Weber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Liver Damage ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Cholesterol ◽

High Fat ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

The Impact

While the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of atherosclerosis has probably been overestimated, increasing evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol might favor the transition from blunt steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), especially in combination with high fat diets. It is poorly understood how cholesterol alone or in combination with other dietary lipid components contributes to the development of lipotoxicity. The current study demonstrated that liver damage caused by dietary cholesterol in mice was strongly enhanced by a high fat diet containing soybean oil-derived ω6-poly-unsaturated fatty acids (ω6-PUFA), but not by a lard-based high fat diet containing mainly saturated fatty acids. In contrast to the lard-based diet the soybean oil-based diet augmented cholesterol accumulation in hepatocytes, presumably by impairing cholesterol-eliminating pathways. The soybean oil-based diet enhanced cholesterol-induced mitochondrial damage and amplified the ensuing oxidative stress, probably by peroxidation of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. This resulted in hepatocyte death, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and caused a transition from steatosis to NASH, doubling the NASH activity score. Thus, the recommendation to reduce cholesterol intake, in particular in diets rich in ω6-PUFA, although not necessary to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, might be sensible for patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

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