Growth rates and energy intake of hand-reared cheetah cubs (Acinonyx jubatus) in South Africa

Despite the numerous efforts to improve the nutritional status of children, a high prevalence of malnutrition still exists in South Africa. This study aimed to determine the nutritional status of children attending Early Child Development centres in South Africa. In this baseline study, we randomly selected two Early Child Development centres comprising 116 children aged 24–60 months, separated into two cohorts, of 24–47 months and 48–60 months. Dietary intake was measured through the 24 hDR and analysed using Food Finder software. The food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the food variety and food group diversity scores. Anthropometric measurements were taken and the WHO Anthro software was used to convert it to nutritional data indices. Blood samples were collected through dried blood spot cards in order to determine serum retinol and haemoglobin levels and they were assessed using WHO indicators. The findings showed that participants between 24 and 47 months had a high mean energy intake (4906.2 kJ and 4997.9 kJ for girls and boys, respectively). For the 48–60 months age group, energy intake was lower than the EER (5936.4 kJ and 5621.2 kJ; p = 0.038). There was low fruit and vegetable consumption (24–47 months; 63.8 g and 69.5 g (p = 0.037), 48–60 months; 68.3 g and 74.4 g (p = 0.038) and the top five foods consumed were carbohydrate rich foods for girls and boys, respectively. Stunting was noted in 7% and 20% (48–60 months) (p = 0.012) and overweight in 8% and 17% (24–47 months) and 17% and 13% (48–60 months) (p = 0.041) in girls and boys, respectively. Low serum retinol levels (<0.070 µmol/L) were found in 9.1% of boys (24–47 months), and 8% and 7.4% of girls and boys (48–60 months), respectively. Low haemoglobin levels (<11.0 g/dL) were found in 50.0% and 30.4% (24–47 months) and 8.6% and 39.3% (48–60 months) of girls and boys, respectively. Malnutrition, despite many national and provincial initiatives, still exists in Early Childhood Development centres in South Africa, calling for the application of contextualized nutrition interventions to suit resource-poor settings.

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Evidence of reduced growth rates of anchovy recruits off South Africa in 1989 and 1991

South African Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.2989/02577619509504848 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 263-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. E. Waldron

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Growth Rates

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Some effects of formaldehyde treatment of hay or silage and level of barley intake on the production of crossbred lambs fed in pens

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9760452 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 16 (81) ◽

pp. 452

Author(s):

MF Sharkey ◽

RW Hodge ◽

IF Davis ◽

B Bogdanovic

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Growth Rates ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Growth Study ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Formaldehyde Treatment ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Lamb Growth

Hay and silage treated with formaldehyde were compared with untreated hay and silage during in vivo studies of digestibility, and in growth studies where the forages were fed with and without barley to 6-month-old crossbred lambs. In the growth study there were 20 treatment groups (four forage types offered ad libitum x five barley levels 0, 100, 300, 500 and ad libitum g day-1). Sheep were fed for 6 and 12 weeks for groups fed silage and hay respectively following which animals were slaughtered. On a digested basis, barley contributed from 0 to 76 per cent of digested energy intake. Lamb growth rate varied between 0 and 150 g day-1 and was linearly related to intake of digested DM. Growth rates were above 100 g day-1 where barley constituted 60 to 70 per cent of this intake. Silage and hay with digestibilities of 62 to 65 per cent barely maintained sheep liveweights when fed as a sole diet. The sheep ate more hay than silage and treating the forage with formaldehyde did not significantly increase intake or growth rate.

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Growth rates of the chokka squid Loligo reynaudii d’Orbigny, 1845 (Cephalopoda: Myopsida: Loliginidae) off South Africa, investigated over two years

Folia Malacologica ◽

10.12657/folmal.029.017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Collette H. Mwanangombe ◽

Deon Durholtz ◽

Dawit Yemane ◽

Jean Githaiga-Mwicigi ◽

Warwick H. H. Sauer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Growth Model ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Maximum Size ◽

Mantle Length ◽

Daily Growth ◽

Males And Females ◽

Linear Growth Model

Growth of adult chokka squid Loligo reynaudii d’Orbigny was modelled using mantle length and age data derived from samples collected over two years (2003 and 2004) from a single, large cohort of mature and spawning squid. A total of 588 statoliths were examined (310 males, 278 females) from individuals of 71–425 mm mantle length (ML). The maximum size of chokka squid was 425 mm ML for males and 263 mm ML for females. The Francis Growth Model and Linear Growth model were selected for further analysis from six models considered. Males and females attain similar ages, although mantle length-based daily growth rates ranged from 0.75 to 1.02 (0.88 quantile _50) mm/day for males and 0.32–0.45 (0.38 quantile _50) mm/day for females, explaining the sexual dimorphism apparent in the sizes of individuals of this species.

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Energy and protein intake in relation to growth of suckling black-tailed deer fawns

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z80-187 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (7) ◽

pp. 1347-1354 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

R. M. F. S. Sadleir

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Solid Food ◽

Milk Consumption ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Behavioural Aspects ◽

Effect On Growth

Milk and solid food consumption of energy and protein were measured in suckling Odocoileus heminonus columbianus fawns to 3 months of age. Fawns 7 to 10 days old consumed 175 g milk/kg0.75∙body weight∙day−1 which declined to 40 g/kg0.7S∙day−1 by 61 to 70 days. Mean daily digestible energy intake of milk and solids was 247 kcal/kg0.75∙day−1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J) and protein intake was 10.7 g/kg075∙day−1. Fawns started effective eating of solids around 30 days and by 90 days >80% of their energy intake was from solids. Some does continued to lactate for another 4 months, indicating that the metabolic and behavioural aspects of weaning can be separated in time. Growth for the first month of age was positively correlated with milk consumption, and growth rates up to 1,2, and 3 months were inversely correlated with birth weights but not to 4 months or older. Growth rates to 2 months were positively correlated with maternal growth rates to the same ages suggesting a genotypic and (or) prenatal effect on growth of fawns.

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Isolation ofBartonella henselae, Bartonella koehleraesubsp.koehlerae, Bartonella koehleraesubsp.bothieriand a new subspecies ofB. koehleraefrom free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) from South Africa, cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) from Namibia and captive cheetahs from California

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268816001394 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 144 (15) ◽

pp. 3237-3243 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. MOLIA ◽

R. W. KASTEN ◽

M. J. STUCKEY ◽

H. J. BOULOUIS ◽

J. ALLEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Lynx Rufus ◽

Panthera Leo ◽

Emerging Pathogens ◽

Acinonyx Jubatus ◽

Blood Samples ◽

New Subspecies ◽

Felis Concolor ◽

Vector Borne ◽

Free Ranging

SUMMARYBartonellae are blood- and vector-borne Gram-negative bacteria, recognized as emerging pathogens. Whole-blood samples were collected from 58 free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in South Africa and 17 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) from Namibia. Blood samples were also collected from 11 cheetahs (more than once for some of them) at the San Diego Wildlife Safari Park. Bacteria were isolated from the blood of three (5%) lions, one (6%) Namibian cheetah and eight (73%) cheetahs from California. The lionBartonellaisolates were identified asB. henselae(two isolates) andB. koehleraesubsp.koehlerae. The Namibian cheetah strain was close but distinct from isolates from North American wild felids and clustered betweenB. henselaeandB. koehlerae. It should be considered as a new subspecies ofB. koehlerae. All the Californian semi-captive cheetah isolates were different fromB. henselaeorB. koehleraesubsp.koehleraeand from the Namibian cheetah isolate. They were also distinct from the strains isolated from Californian mountain lions (Felis concolor) and clustered with strains ofB. koehleraesubsp.bothieriisolated from free-ranging bobcats (Lynx rufus) in California. Therefore, it is likely that these captive cheetahs became infected by an indigenous strain for which bobcats are the natural reservoir.

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Effect of crude fibre upon feeding efficiency of cattle in ‘warm’ environments

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600026320 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 413-416 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. Vohnout ◽

J. V. Bateman

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Lower Growth ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Caloric Density ◽

Warm Environment ◽

High Fibre

SUMMARYResults of this study show that daily intake of dry matter (DM) and digestible energy (DE) was lower for the ‘warm’ environment and ‘high’ fibre groups. Efficiency of DM utilization was also lower for these groups. However, efficiency of DE was essentially the same for both rations, being lower in the ‘warm’ group. The lower intake in the ‘warm’ environment was attributed mainly to the longer length of time that animals spent resting, which resulted also in lower growth rates. The data indicate that increasing the caloric density of feed, to compensate for reduced consumption, would make it possible to obtain proportional increases in energy intake. As interactions were negligible, this situation would apply to both environments studied.

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The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1611122114 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 114 (3) ◽

pp. 528-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Sarah M. Durant ◽

Nicholas Mitchell ◽

Rosemary Groom ◽

Nathalie Pettorelli ◽

Audrey Ipavec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Threat Assessment ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Multiple Use ◽

Acinonyx Jubatus ◽

Scenario Modeling ◽

Extinction Rates ◽

Global Population

Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its survival. Here, we show that the global population is estimated at ∼7,100 individuals and confined to 9% of its historical distributional range. However, the majority of current range (77%) occurs outside of PAs, where the species faces multiple threats. Scenario modeling shows that, where growth rates are suppressed outside PAs, extinction rates increase rapidly as the proportion of population protected declines. Sensitivity analysis shows that growth rates within PAs have to be high if they are to compensate for declines outside. Susceptibility of cheetah to rapid decline is evidenced by recent rapid contraction in range, supporting an uplisting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threat assessment to endangered. Our results are applicable to other protection-reliant species, which may be subject to systematic underestimation of threat when there is insufficient information outside PAs. Ultimately, conserving many of these species necessitates a paradigm shift in conservation toward a holistic approach that incentivizes protection and promotes sustainable human–wildlife coexistence across large multiple-use landscapes.

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Metabolism and growth of young harp and grey seals

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z87-217 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 1377-1382 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Graham A. J. Worthy

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Standard Metabolic Rate ◽

Net Energy ◽

Metabolic Rates ◽

Preferential Growth ◽

Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽

Heat Increment ◽

Rates Of Growth

Metabolic rates and growth rates of juvenile harp and grey seals were monitored during the postweaning period after the onset of feeding. Growth rates varied from 0.03 to 0.32 kg d−1, depending on the level of energy intake and absolute body mass of the seal. Measurements of sculp mass (blubber with attached skin), as a percentage of total mass, indicated low rates of growth in the sculp and preferential growth in the core. When feeding started there was a 1.3- to 2.3-fold increase in standard metabolic rate, which was independent of the heat increment of feeding. Metabolic requirements of feeding seals, measured by indirect calorimetry, were between 1.2 and 7.2 W kg−1 in water and between 1.2 and 6.0 W kg−1 in air, similar to average daily metabolic rates calculated from net energy intake.

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