A potential role for bone morphogenetic protein signalling in glial cell fate determination following adult central nervous system injury in vivo

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3024-3035 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Hampton ◽  
Richard A. Asher ◽  
Toru Kondo ◽  
John D. Steeves ◽  
Matt S. Ramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cell Fate Determination ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signalling ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein

A requirement for Notch in the genesis of a subset of glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system which arise through asymmetric divisions

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (8) ◽  
pp. 1457-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Udolph ◽  
P. Rath ◽  
W. Chia
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Fate Determination ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Regulatory Interactions ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
Insight Into

In the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) glial cells are known to be generated from glioblasts, which produce exclusively glia or neuroglioblasts that bifurcate to produce both neuronal and glial sublineages. We show that the genesis of a subset of glial cells, the subperineurial glia (SPGs), involves a new mechanism and requires Notch. We demonstrate that the SPGs share direct sibling relationships with neurones and are the products of asymmetric divisions. This mechanism of specifying glial cell fates within the CNS is novel and provides further insight into regulatory interactions leading to glial cell fate determination. Furthermore, we show that Notch signalling positively regulates glial cells missing (gcm) expression in the context of SPG development.

scholarly journals Reovirus Activates Transforming Growth Factor β and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Pathways in the Central Nervous System That Contribute to Neuronal Survival following Infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 5035-5045 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Beckham ◽  
Kathryn Tuttle ◽  
Kenneth L. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are important causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality, and understanding how viruses perturb host cell signaling pathways will facilitate identification of novel antiviral therapies. We now show that reovirus infection activates transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in a murine model of encephalitis in vivo. TGF-β receptor I (TGF-βRI) expression is increased and its downstream signaling factor, SMAD3, is activated in the brains of reovirus-infected mice. TGF-β signaling is neuroprotective, as inhibition with a TGF-βRI inhibitor increases death of infected neurons. Similarly, BMP receptor I expression is increased and its downstream signaling factor, SMAD1, is activated in reovirus-infected neurons in the brains of infected mice in vivo. Activated SMAD1 and SMAD3 were both detected in regions of brain infected by reovirus, but activated SMAD1 was found predominantly in uninfected neurons in close proximity to infected neurons. Treatment of reovirus-infected primary mouse cortical neurons with a BMP agonist reduced apoptosis. These data provide the first evidence for the activation of TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways following neurotropic viral infection and suggest that these signaling pathways normally function as part of the host's protective innate immune response against CNS viral infection.

NG2 cells generate oligodendrocytes and gray matter astrocytes in the spinal cord

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Zhu ◽  
Robert A. Hill ◽  
Akiko Nishiyama
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Ng2 Cells ◽  
Protoplasmic Astrocytes

NG2 cells represent a unique glial cell population that is distributed widely throughout the developing and adult CNS and is distinct from astrocytes, mature oligodendrocytes and microglia. The ability of NG2 cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes has been documented in vivo and in vitro. We reported recently that NG2 cells in the forebrain differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes but into a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes (Zhu et al., 2008). However, the in vivo fate of NG2 cells in the spinal cord and cerebellum has remained unknown. To investigate the fate of NG2 cells in caudal central nervous system (CNS) regions in vivo, we examined the phenotype of cells that express EGFP in mice that are double transgenic for NG2CreBAC and the Cre reporter Z/EG. The fate of NG2 cells can be studied in these mice by permanent expression of EGFP in cells that have undergone Cre-mediated recombination in NG2 cells. We find that NG2 cells give rise to oligodendrocytes in both gray and white matter of the spinal cord and cerebellum, and to protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the spinal cord. However, NG2 cells do not give rise to astrocytes in the white matter of the spinal cord and cerebellum. These observations indicate that NG2 cells serve as precursor cells for oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the CNS.

A critical role for Cyclin E in cell fate determination in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Berger ◽  
S. K. Pallavi ◽  
Mohit Prasad ◽  
L. S. Shashidhara ◽  
Gerhard M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cyclin E ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Fate Determination ◽  
Fate Determination ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The oligodendrocyte-enriched orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr62 is dispensable for central nervous system myelination

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis M. Hay ◽  
Stacey Jackson ◽  
Stanislaw Mitew ◽  
Daniel J. Scott ◽  
Matthias Koenning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptor ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Development ◽  
Cns Myelination ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Abstract Background Myelination is a highly regulated process in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) whereby oligodendrocytes wrap axons with multiple layers of insulating myelin in order to allow rapid electrical conduction. Establishing the proper pattern of myelin in neural circuits requires communicative axo-glial interactions, however, the molecular interactions that occur between oligodendrocytes and axons during developmental myelination and myelin maintenance remain to be fully elucidated. Our previous work identified G protein-coupled receptor 62 (Gpr62), an uncharacterized orphan g-protein coupled receptor, as being selectively expressed by mature oligodendrocytes within the CNS, suggesting a potential role in myelination or axoglial interactions. However, no studies to date have assessed the functional requirement for Gpr62 in oligodendrocyte development or CNS myelination. Methods To address this, we generated a knockout mouse strain lacking the Gpr62 gene. We assessed CNS myelination during both postnatal development and adulthood using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and western blot. In addition, we utilized AAV-mediated expression of a tagged Gpr62 in oligodendrocytes to determine the subcellular localization of the protein in vivo. Results We find that virally expressed Gpr62 protein is selectively expressed on the adaxonal myelin layer, suggestive of a potential role for Gpr62 in axo-myelinic signaling. Nevertheless, Gpr62 knockout mice display normal oligodendrocyte numbers and apparently normal myelination within the CNS during both postnatal development and adulthood. Conclusions We conclude that in spite of being well-placed to mediate neuronal-oligodendrocyte communications, Gpr62 is overall dispensable for CNS myelination.

scholarly journals Insights Into Central Nervous System Glial Cell Formation and Function From Zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Neely ◽  
David A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Glial Cell Interactions ◽  
And Function

The term glia describes a heterogenous collection of distinct cell types that make up a large proportion of our nervous system. Although once considered the glue of the nervous system, the study of glial cells has evolved significantly in recent years, with a large body of literature now highlighting their complex and diverse roles in development and throughout life. This progress is due, in part, to advances in animal models in which the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glial cell development and function as well as neuron-glial cell interactions can be directly studied in vivo in real time, in intact neural circuits. In this review we highlight the instrumental role that zebrafish have played as a vertebrate model system for the study of glial cells, and discuss how the experimental advantages of the zebrafish lend themselves to investigate glial cell interactions and diversity. We focus in particular on recent studies that have provided insight into the formation and function of the major glial cell types in the central nervous system in zebrafish.

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