The British Career Civil Service under Challenge

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey K. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Civil Service ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
British Government ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the modern history of British government it is a matter of serious public debate whether or not there should continue to be a career civil service, more particularly a career higher civil service. Important though the advent of the Conservative Government first elected in 1979 has been in bringing the matter of the career civil service to a head, discontent with the kind of service which Sir Charles Trevelyan advocated in the 1850s, and Sir Warren Fisher actually fashioned in the 1920s, for Sir Edward Bridges to celebrate later, has been rife for many years, and this discontent has been present in politicians on all sides. Fabian reformism, though, has given way to more combative attitudes generated by the revived economic liberalism which is present in the Thatcher Government, which creed threatens the bureaucratic self-interest of the career civil service, and which has helped to make that service's relationship with that Government a conflictual one. Foreign arrangements are cited in the discussion which follows about the future of the career civil service, in which it is argued that the Thatcher Government implicitly subscribes to a form of ‘capture theory’ about the role which the career civil service has come to play, with regard to which the Government's attitudes are essentially conservative.

The Predicament of Europe’s ‘Last Dictator’

2021 ◽  
pp. 223386592110183
Author(s):  
Yuliya Brel-Fournier ◽  
Minion K.C. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Electoral Fraud ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

Belarusian citizens elected their first president in 1994. More than 20 years later, in October 2015, the same person triumphantly won the fifth consecutive presidential election. In August 2020, President Lukashenko’s attempt to get re-elected for the sixth time ended in months’ long mass protests against the electoral fraud, unspeakable violence used by the riot police against peaceful protesters and the deepest political crisis in the modern history of Belarus. This article analyzes how and why the first democratically elected Belarusian president attained this long-serving status. It suggests that his political longevity was conditioned by a specific social contract with the society that was sustained for many years. In light of the recent events, it is obvious that the contract is breached with the regime no longer living up to the bargain with the Belarusian people. As a result, the citizens seem unwilling to maintain their obligation for loyalty. We analyze the escalating daily price for maintaining the status quo and conclude considering the possible implications of this broken pact for the future of Belarus.

Botswana’s 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Batlang Seabo ◽  
Robert Nyenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
General Election ◽  
Electoral Democracy ◽  
The Future ◽  
General Elections ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ruling Party

Abstract On October 23, 2019, Botswana held its twelfth free and fair election. For the first time in the history of Botswana’s electoral democracy, a former president (Ian Khama) defected from the ruling party and supported the opposition. The opposition coalition, working informally with Khama, mounted a spirited campaign against the well-oiled machine, the incumbent and long-ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP). Seabo and Nyenhuis reflect on the 2019 general election, analyze the outcome, and consider the implications for the future of Botswana’s electoral democracy. They argue that barring other factors, the BDP’s resounding victory was mainly a result of Batswana’s rejection of former president Ian Khama.

Varlam Shalamov. Rilke and Drozhzhin

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Marina Yu. Koreneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Achievement ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Varlam Shalamov ◽  
First Time ◽  
Academic Study

In the publication V.T. Shalamov’s notes of the early 1970s about the meeting of the famous Austrian poet R.M. Rilke with the peasant poet S.D. Drozhzhin are introduced into academic study for the first time. The meeting took place in 1900 during Rilke’s second trip to Russia. The notes preserved in Shalamov’s archives represent preliminary observations for the future essay, which remained unfinished. The introductory article traces the history of Shalamov’s acquaintance with Rilke’s work and reconstructs Rilke’s image as perceived by Shalamov in the context of his biography and work. It also reconstructs, on the basis of letters and notebooks, the stages of an unrealized plan related to the theme of “Rilke and Drozhzhin”, suggested to Shalamov by B.L. Pasternak, but read by him in the subjective optics of the poet, who considered his main achievement “understanding of nature”. This subjective optics, which distinguishes Shalamov’s text from all subsequent interpretations of this historical and literary plot, is manifested especially clearly in the correlation of the figures of Rilke and Drozhzhin with Soviet writers who were Shalamov’s contemporaries (Tvardovsky, Dzhambul, Stalsky, etc.). The new archival material makes it possible to supplement the picture of the Soviet “Rilkeana” and to expand the understanding of Shalamov’s range of interests.

scholarly journals Entre el hogar y la calle. La movilización política de mujeres católicas durante el Sexenio Democrático = Between home and the street. The political mobilisation of Catholic women during the Sexenio

2020 ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Raúl Mínguez Blasco
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern History ◽  
The Public ◽  
Stable Position ◽  
Catholic Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The Government

Resumen: El Sexenio Democrático (1868-1874) fue un periodo convulso de la historia contemporánea española en el que la posición estable que la Iglesia española había alcanzado tras el Concordato de 1851 quedó en entredicho. Como consecuencia del proceso de feminización religiosa iniciado en las décadas anteriores, el debate público sobre la religión tuvo un importante componente de género. A pesar de las críticas de revolucionarios y secularistas, algunas mujeres que se presentaron a sí mismas como esposas y madres católicas se opusieron públicamente a las medidas gubernamentales que fueron en contra de los intereses eclesiásticos. Este artículo pretende reflexionar en torno a la agencia o capacidad de acción de las mujeres católicas y analiza la manera en que el antiliberalismo concibió la relación entre la esfera pública y la privada.Palabras clave: Sexenio Democrático, género, religión, secularismo, antiliberalismo, agencia.Abstract: The Sexenio Democrático (1868-1874) was a troubled period of the modern history of Spain in which the stable position achieved by the Catholic Church after the Concordat of 1851 was widely questioned. Due to the feminisation of Catholicism during the previous decades, the public debate about religion had an important gendered component. Despite the criticisms of revolutionaries and secularists, some women who presented themselves as Catholic wives and mothers publicly opposed the Government measures against the Church’s interests. This paper reflects on the capacity of agency of Catholic women and analyses how anti-liberalism conceived the link between the public and the private realm.Keywords: Sexenio Democrático, gender, religion, secularism, anti-liberalism, agency.

scholarly journals Reading newspapers on the web with a refined history feature

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodorich Kopetzky
Keyword(s):  
Web Browser ◽  
Prototype Implementation ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Web

Current web browser offer a history feature. Interestingly, this feature can still be refined. In this paper such a refinement is presented: the history of the seen. With this refinement not only clicked links are considered for the history but also links which only have been displayed to user. This is under the assumption that a link not followed will be less interesting in the future. By making the presentation of such links more inconspicuous, the cognitive burden on the users is reduced. A prototype implementation is shown for news sites, where not following a link the first time usually means that the link will not be followed in the future as well.

History of Hut 8 to December 1941 (1945)

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mahon
Keyword(s):  
Washington Dc ◽  
British Government ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Public Record ◽  
First Time

Patrick Mahon (A. P. Mahon) was born on 18 April 1921, the son of C. P. Mahon, Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1925 to 1930 and Comptroller from 1929 to 1932. From 1934 to 1939 he attended Marlborough College before going up to Clare College, Cambridge, in October 1939 to read Modern Languages. In July 1941, having achieved a First in both German and French in the Modern Languages Part II, he joined the Army, serving as a private (acting lancecorporal) in the Essex Regiment for several months before being sent to Bletchley. He joined Hut 8 in October 1941, and was its head from the autumn of 1944 until the end of the war. On his release from Bletchley in early 1946 he decided not to return to Cambridge to obtain his degree but instead joined the John Lewis Partnership group of department stores. John Spedan Lewis, founder of the company, was a friend of Hut 8 veteran Hugh Alexander, who effected the introduction. At John Lewis, where he spent his entire subsequent career, Mahon rapidly achieved promotion to director level, but his health deteriorated over a long period. He died on 13 April 1972. This chapter consists of approximately the first half of Mahon’s ‘The History of Hut Eight, 1939–1945’. Mahon’s typescript is dated June 1945 and was written at Hut 8. It remained secret until 1996, when a copy was released by the US government into the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Washington, DC. Subsequently another copy was released by the British government into the Public Record Office at Kew. Mahon’s ‘History’ is published here for the first time. Mahon’s account is first-hand from October 1941. Mahon says, ‘for the early history I am indebted primarily to Turing, the first Head of Hut 8, and most of the early information is based on conversations I have had with him’.

The Freethinker, the Jews, and the Missionaries: George Houston and the Mystery of Israel Vindicated

AJS Review ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Sarna
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
New Yorkers

In 1820, a volume entitled Israel Vindicated, written by "An Israelite," was published in New York City. It was the first Jewish polemic composed in response to the founding of a missionary society, the American Society for Meliorating the Condition of the Jews, and it remained influential throughout the nineteenth century. The author of this work, however, has never been identified. Nor has the volume itself received the attention it deserves. This article attempts to fill both of these lacunae.Section one describes and analyzes Israel Vindicated. It places the work within the context of its times, and compares it to other, more traditional anti-Christian polemics. Section two outlines the postpublication history of Israel Vindicated. Soon after it appeared, some New Yorkers attempted to have the work banned, and its author exposed and punished. Later, the work was variously invoked by Jews and Judeophobes alike, though, of course, for different purposes. In section three, the author of Israel Vindicated assumes center stage. A review of old and new evidence leads to the conclusion that the work flowed from the pen of freethinker George Houston, assisted probably by his Jewish printer, Abraham Collins. Finally, section four analyzes the motivations of George Houston and his Jewish supporters. As is shown, this was far from the first time that Jews joined forces temporarily with other, sometimes hostile minority groups in pursuit of self-interest. Adversity makes strange bedfellows.

Pensée 3: The Modernity of the Arabs

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Normative Claim ◽  
Arab Nationalism ◽  
Political Force ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The study of Arab nationalism, and indeed of all nationalisms, is beset with particular problems. One is the imprecision of the main concepts involved, starting with the definition of nation. Another is the confusion, inherent in the very word “nationalism,” between two quite different objects of study—nationalism as a movement, as a social and political force, and nationalism as an ideology. The first allows objective, historical analyses of how a particular movement arose and developed in such and such a country, of the social groups that supported and/or opposed it, and, not least, of how states have sought to define and utilize it. The second is an aspiration, an ideological and normative claim, one with a strong tendency to control public debate; it has an inherent tendency to distort the history of the supposed “nation.” The special claims nationalists make for their particular nation cause a third problem: although modern history has yielded hundreds of cases of nationalism, as movement and ideology, nationalism occasions analysis that is singular, treating the nation in question as unique and avoiding comparison.

scholarly journals Session "Librarian of the Future" at the ll-Russian Youth Forum "Seliger-2014"

2014 ◽  
pp. 130-131
Author(s):  
A. V. Tchuvilsky
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
First Time

On 3-10 August, 2014 in the framework of the All-Russian Youth Forum "Seliger-2014" at the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and under the auspices of the Section "Young in Librarianship" of the Russian Library Association there was for the first time organized the Session "Librarian of the future". The year 2014 became a landmark for young librarians, as the Session "Librarian of the future" for the ten-year history of "Seliger" Forum was held for the first time. The article describes the key objectives, events and acting persons of Session.

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