Microgenetic Study of Change: What Has It Told Us?

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Change Process ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Developmental Transition ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Natural Change ◽  
Microgenetic Method ◽  
Insight Into

The microgenetic method has been advocated by developmentalists as a promising tool in the study of change Despite convergence of findings across investigators and diverse domains, however, several fundamental questions need to be answered (a) Is the potential for change specific to periods of developmental transition? (b) Is change domain-general or domain-specific? (c) Why and how does change occur? Answers to these questions bear on the extent to which microgenetic study of change can be interpreted as providing insight into the natural change process

scholarly journals Mechanism-Based Model of Parasite Growth and Dihydroartemisinin Pharmacodynamics in Murine Malaria

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 508-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashyap Patel ◽  
Kevin T. Batty ◽  
Brioni R. Moore ◽  
Peter L. Gibbons ◽  
Jürgen B. Bulitta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Efflux Pathway ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Late Trophozoite

ABSTRACTMurine models are used to study erythrocytic stages of malaria infection, because parasite morphology and development are comparable to those in human malaria infections. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models for antimalarials are scarce, despite their potential to optimize antimalarial combination therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a mechanism-based growth model (MBGM) forPlasmodium bergheiand then characterize the parasiticidal effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in murine malaria (MBGM-PK-PD). Stage-specific (ring, early trophozoite, late trophozoite, and schizont) parasite density data from Swiss mice inoculated withPlasmodium bergheiwere used for model development in S-ADAPT. A single dose of intraperitoneal DHA (10 to 100 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered 56 h postinoculation. The MBGM explicitly reflected all four erythrocytic stages of the 24-hourP. bergheilife cycle. Merozoite invasion of erythrocytes was described by a first-order process that declined with increasing parasitemia. An efflux pathway with subsequent return was additionally required to describe the schizont data, thus representing parasite sequestration or trapping in the microvasculature, with a return to circulation. A 1-compartment model with zero-order absorption described the PK of DHA, with an estimated clearance and distribution volume of 1.95 liters h−1and 0.851 liter, respectively. Parasite killing was described by a turnover model, with DHA inhibiting the production of physiological intermediates (IC50, 1.46 ng/ml). Overall, the MBGM-PK-PD described the rise in parasitemia, the nadir following DHA dosing, and subsequent parasite resurgence. This novel model is a promising tool for studying malaria infections, identifying the stage specificity of antimalarials, and providing insight into antimalarial treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Current perspective on production and applications of microbial cellulases: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Bhardwaj ◽  
Bikash Kumar ◽  
Komal Agrawal ◽  
Pradeep Verma
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
The Status ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Immobilization Techniques ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe potential of cellulolytic enzymes has been widely studied and explored for bioconversion processes and plays a key role in various industrial applications. Cellulase, a key enzyme for cellulose-rich waste feedstock-based biorefinery, has increasing demand in various industries, e.g., paper and pulp, juice clarification, etc. Also, there has been constant progress in developing new strategies to enhance its production, such as the application of waste feedstock as the substrate for the production of individual or enzyme cocktails, process parameters control, and genetic manipulations for enzyme production with enhanced yield, efficiency, and specificity. Further, an insight into immobilization techniques has also been presented for improved reusability of cellulase, a critical factor that controls the cost of the enzyme at an industrial scale. In addition, the review also gives an insight into the status of the significant application of cellulase in the industrial sector, with its techno-economic analysis for future applications. The present review gives a complete overview of current perspectives on the production of microbial cellulases as a promising tool to develop a sustainable and greener concept for industrial applications.

scholarly journals ELIXIR pilot action: Marine metagenomics – towards a domain specific set of sustainable services

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen Mikal Robertsen ◽  
Hubert Denise ◽  
Alex Mitchell ◽  
Robert D. Finn ◽  
Lars Ailo Bongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Marine Microbes ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
User Centric ◽  
Sustainable Services ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Metagenomics, the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, has the potential to provide insight into the structure and function of heterogeneous microbial communities.  There has been an increased use of metagenomics to discover and understand the diverse biosynthetic capacities of marine microbes, thereby allowing them to be exploited for industrial, food, and health care products. This ELIXIR pilot action was motivated by the need to establish dedicated data resources and harmonized metagenomics pipelines for the marine domain, in order to enhance the exploration and exploitation of marine genetic resources. In this paper, we summarize some of the results from the ELIXIR pilot action “Marine metagenomics – towards user centric services”.

Changing minds about climate change: a pervasive role for domain-general metacognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manos Tsakiris ◽  
Neza Vehar ◽  
Stephen M Fleming ◽  
Sophie De Beukelaer ◽  
Max Rollwage
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The Face ◽  
Metacognitive Abilities ◽  
Insight Into

Updating one’s beliefs about the causes and effects of climate change is crucial for altering attitudes and behaviours. Importantly, metacognitive abilities - insight into the (in)correctness of one’s beliefs- play a key role in the formation of polarized beliefs. We investigated the role of domain-general and domain-specific metacognition in updating prior beliefs about climate change across the spectrum of climate change scepticism. We also considered the role of how climate science is communicated in the form of textual or visuo-textual presentations. We show that climate change scepticism is associated with differences in domain-general as well as domain-specific metacognitive abilities. Moreover, domain-general metacognitive sensitivity influenced belief updating in an asymmetric way : lower domain-general metacognition decreased the updating of prior beliefs, especially in the face of negative evidence. Our findings highlight the role of metacognitive failures in revising erroneous beliefs about climate change and point to their adverse social effects.

Usability: Adoption, Measurement, Value

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872081989509
Author(s):  
Janine D. Mator ◽  
William E. Lehman ◽  
Wyatt McManus ◽  
Sarah Powers ◽  
Lauren Tiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Usability Research ◽  
Future Theory ◽  
Insight Into

Objective We searched for the application of usability in the literature with a focus on adoption, measurements employed, and demonstrated value. Five human factors domains served as a platform for our reflection, which included the last 20 years. Background As usability studies continue to accumulate, there has been only a little past reflection on usability and contributions across a variety of applications. Our research provides a background for general usability, and we target specific usability research subareas within transportation, aging populations, autistic populations, telehealth, and cybersecurity. Method “Usability” research was explored across five different domains within human factors. The goal was not to perform an exhaustive review but, rather, sample usability practices within several specific subareas. We focused on answering three questions: How was usability adopted? How was it measured? How was it framed in terms of value? Conclusion We found that usability is very domain specific. Usability benchmarking studies and empirical standards are rare. The value associated with improving usability ranged widely—from monetary benefits to saving lives. Thus, researchers are motivated to further improve usability practices. A number of data collection and interpretation challenges still call for solutions. Application Findings offer insight into the development of usability, as applied across a variety of subdomains. Our reflection ought to inform future theory development efforts. We are concerned about the lack of established benchmarks, which can help ground data interpretation. Future research should address this gap in the literature. We note that our findings can be used to develop better training materials for future usability researchers.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Control in Language Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazbanou Nozari ◽  
Jared Novick
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Language System ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Language Research ◽  
And Control ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Review Current

Language research has provided insight into how speakers translate a thought into a sequence of sounds that ultimately becomes words, phrases, and sentences. Despite the complex stages involved in this process, relatively little is known about how we avoid and handle production and comprehension errors that would otherwise impede communication. We review current research on the mechanisms underlying monitoring and control of the language system, especially production, with particular emphasis on whether such monitoring is issued by domain-general or domain-specific procedures.

Subjective awareness of tardive dyskinesia and insight in schizophrenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Emsley ◽  
D.J.H. Niehaus ◽  
P.P. Oosthuizen ◽  
L. Koen ◽  
B. Chiliza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Subscale Score ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Subjective Awareness ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Mild Impairment ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractBackgroundLack of awareness of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and poor insight into mental illness are common in schizophrenia, raising the possibility that these phenomena are manifestations of a common underlying dysfunction.MethodsWe investigated relationships between low awareness of TD and poor insight into mental illness in 130 patients with schizophrenia and TD. We also examined selected demographic and clinical correlates of these two phenomena.ResultsSixty-six (51%) patients had no or low awareness of TD and 94 (72%) had at least mild impairment of insight into their mental illness. Low awareness of TD was not significantly correlated with greater impairment of insight into mental illness. Regression analyses indicated that the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) disorganised factor (β = 0.72, t = 11.88, p < 0.01) accounted for 52% of the variance in insight into mental illness (adjusted R2 = 0.55) (F[2, 127] = 81.00, p < 0.01) and the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) dyskinesia subscale score (β = 0.47, t = 6.80, p < 0.01), PANSS disorganised factor (β = −0.26, t = −3.73, p < 0.01), and ESRS parkinsonism subscale score (β = 0.31, t = 4.55, p < 0.01) together accounted for 37% of the variance in awareness of TD (adjusted R2 = 0.37) (F[3, 126] = 26.87, p < 0.01).ConclusionThe two phenomena appear to be dissociated, and may be domain-specific.

Sensemaking through a storytelling lens

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Heath ◽  
Tracy Porter
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Change Process ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Health Information Exchange ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sensemaking Theory ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose Drawing from the extant literature on sensemaking theory, the purpose of this paper is to understand how physicians view health information exchange (HIE) implementation and how their stories frame the situation. Design/methodology/approach This paper utilizes content analysis with sensemaking theory as a theoretical lens to analyze physicians’ interviews. Findings The stories within this study draw attention to how sensemaking might impact the HIE implementation process. The findings demonstrated four well-defined manifest themes specific to sensemaking: bracketing, enactment, social and identity construction. There were sub-themes that cut across major themes: financial implications, practice changes and impact on professional reputation. The data demonstrated that each participant singled out items or events specific to the HIE change process in order to make sense of the change as an entirety. Originality/value No other study has applied sensemaking in an effort to gain insight into the ways physicians view the HIE process. Therefore, this study offers a unique perspective which might provide a framework through which to understand the possible barriers to successful implementation of HIE from a physician.

Hybrid Value Creation in the Sports Industry

2012 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Jan Marco Leimeister ◽  
Uta Knebel ◽  
Helmut Krcmar
Keyword(s):  
Service Industry ◽  
Training System ◽  
Sports Industry ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Iterative Development ◽  
Business Applications ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Fitness Industry

Integrated product-service packages (hybrid products) can open new markets and target groups to companies. However, existing approaches to service or product development do not sufficiently address simultaneous development and domain-specific issues. A very promising new field for such bundles is the health and fitness industry. In this research, we designed and built an IT-supported training system for running, the Mobile Sports Companion (MSC), which closely interlocks a product and corresponding services using an iterative development process. We tested the pilot system with 14 recreational athletes. The results of the field test show that the MSC proved to be a promising tool to offer athletes an effective individual, flexible, and mobile training. However, the system, as it is, did not sufficiently represent the human trainer behind it, thus lowering its acceptance and the credibility of its recommendations. Our next step is to integrate features that could strengthen the athlete-trainer relationship. The MSC could turn out to be a promising field for future e-business applications in the sports service industry.

The Organization of End User Development in an Accounting Company

2011 ◽  
pp. 102-123
Author(s):  
Hege-Rene Hansen Asand ◽  
Anders I. Morch
Keyword(s):  
End User ◽  
Accounting Firm ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
System A ◽  
Business Application ◽  
New Business ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Super Users

The chapter presents a case study following the activities of super users and local developers during the adoption of a new business application by an accounting firm in Scandinavia (referred to as the Company). The Company launched a program to train super users to help with this process because of the complexity of the new system, a generic, multipurpose application system replacing several older, non-integrated systems. The system, Visma Business (VB), is a comprehensive financial and accounting application delivered as a set of components that need to be configured for domain-specific tasks, depending on the clients the accountants will interact with. The super users and the local end user developer (also called the application coordinator) were asked to take part in this study. We documented their activities empirically and analytically, using interviews to gather data and drawing on aspects of activity theory for the conceptual framework for analysis. Our findings provide insight into end-user development (EUD) activities with VB: what roles were created by the Company, what roles emerged spontaneously during the process, what the various user groups (regular users, super users, and the application coordinator) did, and how EUD was coordinated between super users and the application coordinator. Our findings show that super users fill an important niche as mediators between regular users and local developers and can make a significant contribution to the success of EUD efforts in a nontechnical application domain.

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