scholarly journals Preschoolers' Responses to Social Comparisons Involving Relative Failure

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 968-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Rhodes ◽  
Daniel Brickman
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Task Trial ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Individual Effort ◽  
Subsequent Task

Prior work indicates that preschoolers (ages 4–5) maintain high self-appraisals and behavioral engagement after performing less well than their peers. This study tested the hypothesis that relative failure has more negative consequences for preschoolers when they interpret achievement differences as being tied to membership in social categories (e.g., when members of different categories have different achievement levels), as opposed to variations in individual effort. Preschoolers ( N = 58) were randomly assigned to receive feedback that a same-gender, other-gender, or gender-unidentified peer performed better than they did on a novel task. Experiences of failure relative to other-gender peers resulted in impaired performance on a subsequent task trial, as well as lack of improvement in self-evaluations after children received more positive feedback. These findings have implications for the origins of social comparisons, category-based reasoning, and the development of gender stereotypes and achievement motivation.

scholarly journals Formation of a Pension Allowance system for Civil Servants of the Tobolsk Province of the 19th - early 20th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 484-494
Author(s):  
L. N. Suslova ◽  
I. V. Yarkova
Keyword(s):  
City Council ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Poor Knowledge ◽  
Annual Salary ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Pension Payments

The article is devoted to the study of historical experience in the formation of pensions for employees of the Tobolsk province in the XIX - early XX centuries. The authors of the article associate their interest in the indicated problems with its poor knowledge, as well as the reform of pension provision in modern Russia. The source of the study was the legislative, clerical and statistical documents of the funds of the School Directorate, City Council, Tobolsk Provincial Board, Tobolsk State Chamber, Tobolsk Gymnasium, Tobolsk State Bank, Tobolsk Post and Telegraph Office, Tobolsk Notary Archive and others. The most significant of these are the lists of pensioners living in the Tobolsk province, the Tobolsk Treasury Chamber statements on pensioners, documents that fix the number and size of pensions issued and not issued, and cases regarding the assignment of pensions. The authors of the article note the absence in the period under review of a single pension provision practice for all social categories of the population. The author analyzes pension payments accrued to officials from the treasury, and funded payments from public emmeritial cash desks. It is concluded that the formation of the pension provision of civil servants can be attributed to the end of the first quarter of the XIX century. The circle of persons entitled to receive a pension is designated, the sources of pension financing are identified. It was concluded that for the provision of pensions to officials of the period under review, the dependence of the pension salary on the size of the annual salary, the rank and length of service of the civil service was characteristic.

scholarly journals Stigmatization Toward Patients with Mental Health Diagnoses: Tehran’s Stakeholders’ Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Farsi ◽  
Arsia Taghva ◽  
Samantha C Butler ◽  
Hanif Tabesh ◽  
Yavar Javanmard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Services ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Stigma Reduction ◽  
Written Narratives ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Mental Health Diagnoses ◽  
To Receive

Background: The stigma associated with mental health disorders has an enormous impact on decisions concerning receiving mental health services. Objectives: The current qualitative study aimed to describe the stigma toward mental disorders in Tehran, Iran. Methods: The current grounded theory study conducted from 2013 to 2016 in Tehran (Iran). Fourteen participants were sampled using purposive and theoretical sampling techniques. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, focused groups, and written narratives. The Corbin and Strauss coding paradigm (2008) was used to analyze data. Results: Three main categories of stigmatization toward patients with mental health diagnoses were extracted: (1) barriers to stigma reduction; (2) strategies to reduce stigma; and (3) outcomes of stigma reduction such as negative consequences of stigma toward mental disorders and positive impacts of stigma reduction toward mental disorders. Conclusions: To improve mental health services for patients in Tehran (Iran), it is imperative to reduce the stigma toward mental disorders, educate the community, including the general population and healthcare professionals, and remove existing barriers to receive mental health services.

scholarly journals Insights into the Use of Social Comparison in Migrants’ Transnational Social Positioning Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inka Stock
Keyword(s):  
Social Comparison ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Social Positioning ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Political Actions

This article discusses the role of social comparisons in the processes through which migrants make sense of their own social position from a transnational perspective. Migrants are often involved in transnational forms of life which influence their forms of belonging, their economic strategies, their moral values and their political actions. There is also evidence to suggest that migrants use transnational frames of reference to evaluate their social positioning within their origin and host countries. In this article, we offer a methodological approach to the study of social positions in transnational spaces which aims to account for the interplay between the markers of objectively verifiable social positions and their subjective assessment by migrants. Concretely, we focus on social comparison as a mechanism for symbolic boundary drawing processes, which help migrants to make sense of their (often differing) social positions within host and origin countries. Social comparisons help migrants to evaluate how they are seen and positioned by others and subsequently bring these assessments into line with their own social categories and evaluations of their social position in different places. These findings highlight the importance of social comparisons as a tool to investigate the interaction between social and spatial mobility.

scholarly journals The right of minority-refugees to preserve their cultural identity: An intersectional analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-219
Author(s):  
Stephanie Eleanor Berry ◽  
Isilay Taban
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

While UN treaty bodies have sought to address forms of oppression resulting from the intersection of gender, race and/or disability through their practice, they rarely recognise the experience of groups at the intersection of other social categories. This article uses the lens of intersectionality to analyse the practice of UN treaty bodies in relation to the intersection of minority and refugee status. We argue that while minority-refugees have fled persecution connected to their minority status, UN treaty bodies have failed to appreciate the impact of their location at the intersection of persons belonging to minorities and refugees in host States on their right to preserve their cultural identity. By failing to address the distinct experience of minority-refugees, UN treaty bodies risk participating in their oppression. Further, we reveal that current practice not only has potentially negative consequences for minority-refugees – as both individuals and groups – and for the host society but may even undermine the ability of IHRL to achieve its overarching objectives.

A Bioecological Theory of Sexual Harassment of Girls: Research Synthesis and Proposed Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christia Spears Brown ◽  
Sharla D. Biefeld ◽  
Nan Elpers
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
College Women ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Research Synthesis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Bioecological Theory ◽  
The Many

In the United States, many adolescent girls experience sexual harassment before they leave high school, and between 20% and 25% of college women are survivors of sexual assault. Despite the many negative consequences associated with these experiences, perpetrating sexual harassment and assault is often viewed as normative. Using Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theoretical framework, we propose a bioecological theory of the perpetration and tolerance of sexual harassment of girls. We propose children’s proximal and distal contexts contribute to the endorsement of sexualized gender stereotypes, which in turn impacts high rates of both perpetration and acceptance of sexual harassment. We discuss the ways that three important microsystems—parents, peers, and schools—contribute to this acceptance. We also propose that key components of media within the exosystem work to further normalize sexual harassment of girls and women. These contexts inform children’s development, creating a culture that is permissive of sexual harassment, resulting in high rates of sexual harassment and assault in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Implications of our proposed theory for policymakers, teachers, parents, and researchers are discussed.

The Effects of Exposure to Positive Gender Stereotypes on Women’s and Men’s Performance in Counter-Stereotypical Tasks and Pursuit of Agentic and Communal Goals

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Rotem Kahalon ◽  
Nurit Shnabel ◽  
Julia C. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Math Performance ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Domain Identification ◽  
Emotional Ability

Abstract. Two studies examined the effects of exposure to positive gender stereotypes on performance in counter-stereotypical domains and pursuit of agentic and communal goals. Exposure to stereotypes about women’s communality (Study 1, N = 108) led to impaired math performance among women, regardless of their math identification. Exposure to stereotypes about men’s agency (Study 2, N = 129) led to impaired performance in a test of socio-emotional ability among men high in domain identification. Moreover, among women with high math identification, exposure to the communality stereotype increased the pursuit of agentic goals. Among men, exposure to the agency stereotype tended to decrease the pursuit of communal goals. These results are consistent with accumulating evidence for the “dark side” of positive stereotypes, yet, for women, they also point to active attempts to counteract them.

Contextualizing the development of social essentialism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Pauker ◽  
Christine Tai ◽  
Shahana Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Psychological Essentialism

Given the critical role that psychological essentialism is theorized to play in the development of stereotyping and prejudice, researchers have increasingly examined the extent to which and when children essentialize different social categories. We review and integrate the types of contextual and cultural variation that have emerged in the literature on social essentialism. We review variability in the development of social essentialism depending on experimental tasks, participant social group membership, language use, psychological salience of category kinds, exposure to diversity, and cultural norms. We also discuss future directions for research that would help to identify the contexts in which social essentialism is less likely to develop in order to inform interventions that could reduce social essentialism and possible negative consequences for intergroup relations.

#Me(n)Too? Online Social Support Toward Male and Female Survivors of Sexual Victimization

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052090509
Author(s):  
Hila Lowenstein-Barkai
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Online Social Support ◽  
Female Survivors ◽  
Physical Gestures ◽  
To Receive

Much has been written about the difficulty of sexual victimization survivors to disclose their experiences to others and about the crucial role social support play in their recovery process. However, the vast majority of the literature has focused on face-to-face interactions, while in recent years, more and more victims are turning to online self-disclosure, whether privately or as part of proactive network protests such as the #MeToo hashtag campaign. The few existing studies that examined online responses to disclosures of sexual victimization have focused on female survivors only and didn’t examine whether men and women elicit different responses based on gender stereotypes. The current study addresses this lacuna through a quantitative content analysis of 2,635 responses to 734 self-disclosures of male and female survivors of sexual victimization published on Facebook and Twitter during the first 3 weeks of the #MeToo and #WhyIDidntReport protests in Israel (October 2017 and October 2018, respectively). The findings indicate that social networks, despite some of their affordances, such as lack of eye contact or physical gestures, are supportive environments for survivors of sexual victimization of both sexes. However, women who self-disclose online are more likely to receive emotional support and network support, whereas men are more likely to receive retributive support—a new support type that was found in the current study. The conclusion is that users’ reactions to sexual victimization disclosures are mainly supportive but are also affected by gender stereotypes. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF HYDRAULIC COMPATIBILITY OF REPAIR MATERIALS IN FREE-FLOW PIPES IN TRENCHLESS RENOVATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Косухин ◽  
Mikhail Kosukhin ◽  
Константиневская ◽  
Liliya Konstantinevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Structural Strength ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Repair Materials ◽  
Flow Motion ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Tube Space

Experimental studies were conducted in order to determine hydraulic compatibility of repair materials in trenchless renovation of free-flow water outlet pipelines, experimental unit for liquid flow regime investigation during free-flow motion for definition of flow hydraulic element were developed and introduced. It was shown that results of experimental studies allows to receive calculated values of coefficients of relative roughness for three types of polymeric pipes, which can be used as repair materials for pulling in old pipelines. It was observed that during pipelines renewal in such way, it is necessary backfilling of tube space, eliminating formation of polymeric pipelines waviness because of temperature drops and exclusive negative consequences of hydraulics and structural strength

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document