The Gender Stereotyping of Emotions

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ashby Plant ◽  
Janet Shibley Hyde ◽  
Dacher Keltner ◽  
Patricia G. Devine

Three studies documented the gender stereotypes of emotions and the relationship between gender stereotypes and the interpretation of emotionally expressive behavior. Participants believed women experienced and expressed the majority of the 19 emotions studied (e.g., sadness, fear, sympathy) more often than men. Exceptions included anger and pride, which were thought to be experienced and expressed more often by men. In Study 2, participants interpreted photographs of adults' ambiguous anger/sadness facial expressions in a stereotype-consistent manner, such that women were rated as sadder and less angry than men. Even unambiguous anger poses by women were rated as a mixture of anger and sadness. Study 3 revealed that when expectant parents interpreted an infant's ambiguous anger/sadness expression presented on videotape only high-stereotyped men interpreted the expression in a stereotype-consistent manner. Discussion focuses on the role of gender stereotypes in adults' interpretations of emotional expressions and the implications for social relations and the socialization of emotion.

Multilingua ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Martina Zimmermann ◽  
Sebastian Muth

AbstractIn this special issue, we bring together empirical research that takes a critical perspective on the relationship between language learning and individual aspirations for future success. In doing so we aim to initiate a debate on how neoliberal ideology and mode of governance permeate language learning as part of a wider neoliberal project that postulates the ideal of the competitive and self-responsible language learner. The four contributions illustrate how neoliberal desires about entrepreneurial selves play out differently within different social, political, or linguistic contexts. They do not only address different languages individuals supposedly need to teach or acquire for a successful future within a specific context, but also concentrate on the discourses and social relations shaping these entrepreneurial aspirations. Ranging from vocational training in Japan, early education in Singapore, healthcare tourism in India, to higher education in Switzerland, the contributions all illustrate the role of language as part of the struggle to improve either oneself or others. While the research sites illustrate that investments in language are simultaneously promising and risky and as such dependent on local and global linguistic markets, they equally highlight underlying language ideologies and reveal wider structures of inequality that are firmly embedded in local, national and global contexts.


PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin S.S. Kramer

Background.In recent years, researchers have investigated the relationship between facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) and a variety of threat and dominance behaviours. The majority of methods involved measuring FWHR from 2D photographs of faces. However, individuals can vary dramatically in their appearance across images, which poses an obvious problem for reliable FWHR measurement.Methods.I compared the effect sizes due to the differences between images taken with unconstrained camera parameters (Studies 1 and 2) or varied facial expressions (Study 3) to the effect size due to identity, i.e., the differences between people. In Study 1, images of Hollywood actors were collected from film screenshots, providing the least amount of experimental control. In Study 2, controlled photographs, which only varied in focal length and distance to camera, were analysed. In Study 3, images of different facial expressions, taken in controlled conditions, were measured.Results.Analyses revealed that simply varying the focal length and distance between the camera and face had a relatively small effect on FWHR, and therefore may prove less of a problem if uncontrolled in study designs. In contrast, when all camera parameters (including the camera itself) are allowed to vary, the effect size due to identity was greater than the effect of image selection, but the ranking of the identities was significantly altered by the particular image used. Finally, I found significant changes to FWHR when people posed with four of seven emotional expressions in comparison with neutral, and the effect size due to expression was larger than differences due to identity.Discussion.The results of these three studies demonstrate that even when head pose is limited to forward facing, changes to the camera parameters and a person’s facial expression have sizable effects on FWHR measurement. Therefore, analysing images that fail to constrain some of these variables can lead to noisy and unreliable results, but also relationships caused by previously unconsidered confounds.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205630511878477
Author(s):  
Daniel Miller ◽  
Shriram Venkatraman

This article starts with a consideration of the different reasons academics might be interested in the detailed analysis of who interacts with whom on a social media platform such as Facebook. We then describe our analysis of the levels of interaction between Facebook friends for two populations, one based in South England and the other in South India. We first used statistical data analysis to identify those who interacted most with our informants. We then exploited our ethnographic grounding to elucidate who exactly these interactions were with upon returning to our informants. This allows us to characterize the nature of interactivity in the two sites, for example, the role of kinship as against friendship. In general, we found that the explanation for interactivity in the English fieldsite tended to depend on identifying specific genres of communication for particular social relations, while the Indian fieldsite reflected strong social parameters such as gender and class. We also comment on a few of the many general issues that arise, including the relationship between online and offline sociality, the importance of both reciprocity and asymmetry in interactivity, and the question of whether people are aware of who interacts most with them on their Facebook profiles.


2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1475-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
L. J. Halberstadt ◽  
F. Butera ◽  
J. Myers ◽  
T. Bouchard ◽  
...  

BackgroundWhile the role of genetic factors in self-report measures of emotion has been frequently studied, we know little about the degree to which genetic factors influence emotional facial expressions.MethodTwenty-eight pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart were shown three emotion-inducing films and their facial responses recorded. These recordings were blindly scored by trained raters. Ranked correlations between twins were calculated controlling for age and sex.ResultsTwin pairs were significantly correlated for facial expressions of general positive emotions, happiness, surprise and anger, but not for general negative emotions, sadness, or disgust or average emotional intensity. MZ pairs (n=18) were more correlated than DZ pairs (n=10) for most but not all emotional expressions.ConclusionsSince these twin pairs had minimal contact with each other prior to testing, these results support significant genetic effects on the facial display of at least some human emotions in response to standardized stimuli. The small sample size resulted in estimated twin correlations with very wide confidence intervals.


TIMS Acta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Nikolina Kuruzović

In order to better understand the phenomenon of the quality of different types of close relationships of adults, we have investigated several determinants which define them more clearly. We focused on the relational differences of the respondents according to several sociodemographic (age, gender, employment, marital status and children) and environmental factors (structure and relationships in the family). A total of 400 males and females, ranging from 19 to 51 years, completed a general questionnaire. It collected the data related to sociodemographic and environmental characteristics, as well as the Social Relations Network Inventory (NRI), which assessed the quality of five types of close relationships. The results indicate significant differences between the respondents in the quality of individual close relationships, based on the factors of age, gender, employment, marital status and parenthood, as well as according to the factors of the quality of family relations and parental marital status. The identified differences are particularly pronounced in terms of the quality of the relationship with the mother and the quality of the relationship with the friend, which is explained by the characteristic nature of these relationships, as well as the developmental roles and tasks of the adulthood.


Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Núñez-Puente

Gender Studies have placed a pivotal role in mass media studies in the last decade. Power strategies and the relationship that has been established among different stereotypes in TV are the main object of study of this paper. Gender relations are an essential field of analysis of social relations in the field of mass media studies. There is a need to rethink most of the gender constructions implying power strategies. The aim of this paper is to analyze the power strategies that make gender stereotypes possible in TV. Los estudios sobre los medios de comunicación comenzaron a incorporar la categoría analítica de género a partir de la teoría y la hermenéutica feminista. Desde ese punto de reflexión fueron también situando su propia perspectiva los crecientes estudios sobre la condición masculina. En la actualidad es frecuente encontrar matices y apreciaciones provenientes de las diversas teorías de los estudios de género en los manuales sobre los medios de comunicación. En este último decenio, se ha avanzado lo suficiente como para poder afirmar que algunas líneas de investigación han alcanzado cierta solidez en países de cultura anglosajona, y se han afianzado con cierta precariedad en países de cultura mediterránea. Lo que se aborda en este trabajo es la multiplicidad del sujeto que amplifica y define los medios de comunicación, y en concreto la televisión. Se trata, pues, de analizar la construcción desde el discurso televisivo de un sujeto en permanente contradicción que nos hace partir de una noción de género que no depende de la diferencia sexual, sino de una construcción en muchos casos situada en un espacio cultural concreto. En un estudio realizado en los años 90 se señalaba que tanto en USA y como en Europa surge un tipo especial de periodismo orientado hacia un mercado segmentado. Se mostraba que los periódicos dirigidos a un público general que se ocupaban de asuntos generales sociales y políticos estaban decreciendo significativamente en número, y se desarrollaban, sin embargo, publicaciones dirigidas a grupos con intereses especiales que trataban de cuestiones como el ocio, los viajes, el deporte o la decoración. Dichos estudios concluían diciendo que se produce, de este modo, una jerarquización de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación, entre los que está la televisión, y quizás una feminización del periodismo, que afecta en gran medida al periodismo televisivo. En esta supuesta feminización de los medios de comunicación en general y de la televisión en particular tiene mucho que ver el proceso de relaciones complejas que se establecen con la audiencia y en los que la incorporación estereotipada de lo masculino y lo femenino desempeña un papel fundamental. La construcción de género en los medios de comunicación es, por consiguiente, tan producto de su representación como producto de los propios medios. Por tanto se hace necesario analizar, a mi juicio, las nuevas construcciones y configuraciones de la identidad de género en su representación mediática televisiva y las relaciones que se establecen entre éstas y la audiencia como receptora del mensaje, que es lo que este trabajo pretende estudiar. Y esto siempre en relación con los telespectadores que son, en definitiva, los destinatarios finales de los mensajes elaborados desde la televisión. Las relaciones que se establecen entre ellos y los mecanismos de poder que emanan de las instancias que dirigen los medios de comunicación constituyen una fuente de análisis que merece un estudio detallado y que supone el elemento vertebrador de este trabajo, así como un breve desarrollo de un posible protocolo de actuación para las cuestiones de género en la televisión.


Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
V. I. Przhilenskiy

The paper analyzes the problems that arise in the process of digitalization of criminal proceedings, when its organizers are forced to organize the interaction of social and computer technologies, the joint development and application of which become inevitable in modern conditions. The basic concepts of social technologies theory that were originally developed as a means of organizing human activities, with criminal justice system being only one of them, are interpreted in a new way. The main contexts of application of "social technology" concept, as well as the significance of social technologies in the formulation of principles and achieving the goals of criminal proceedings are studied. The author defines a special type of social technologies, humanitarian technologies in the paper, and analyzes the relevance of this type of technology in the system of principles of criminal procedure. The author substantiates the need to distinguish between the theoretical and technological aspects of compliance with the principles of criminal justice, which allows us to reconstruct the entire system of goal-setting impact on people’s actions and social relations through the development and application of social technologies. The concept of gradual transformation of society through the use of social engineering, put forward by K. Popper, is analyzed in detail. The role of the theoretical distinction between methodological essentialism and methodological nominalism (antirealism) is reconstructed. The ideological and political contextualization of the theory of social technologies, which dominates in modern social science, is subjected to critical analysis. The author examines the ontological assumptions and methodological guidelines proposed by K. Popper for the approval of his socio-technological doctrine. The author identifies and describes the specifics of the use of social technologies in the context of the use of artificial intelligence systems in criminal proceedings. The point about the need to search for the relationship and mutual consistency of the systems of the individual and society in the process of digitalization of criminal proceedings both at the level of principles and at the level of technology is substantiated.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4-2) ◽  
pp. 311-329
Author(s):  
Vladislav Cheshev ◽  

The article investigates the influence of moral principles on historically developing social relations. The appeal to this problem is based on a conceptual approach to the origin of human morality, which arises in the course of sociogenesis as a set of behavioral principles that provide the intraspecific cultural (non-genetic) solidarity necessary for human societies. It is noted that the moral consciousness of individuals, which regulates interpersonal relationships, is a necessary but insufficient means for transmitting moral principles. Morality is expressed in the relationship between society and an individual. Society solves the problem of reproduction of moral regulators, it brings them into the nature of social relations by necessity. In this regard, attention is drawn to the role of elite groups in solving the aforementioned problem, in particular, it points out the peculiarities of the formation of an elite layer in Russian history. The elite is the bearer of moral images of social behavior, which expresses the attitude to public goals, interests, historical meanings of social life. The task of the elite is the implementation of these principles in the nature of social relations. The egoism of individuals and social groups can impede the solution of such a problem. Overcoming difficulties of this kind can be achieved by an awareness of history, which provides the basis for public consensus. The article focuses on the ethos of the “spirit of capitalism”, which enters into the social environment through the principles of the organization of economic activity. The paper shows the relevance of the problem of interaction of economic ethics and moral foundations of society as a systemic whole.


2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOCELYN M. KEILLOR ◽  
ANNA M. BARRETT ◽  
GREGORY P. CRUCIAN ◽  
SARAH KORTENKAMP, ◽  
KENNETH M. HEILMAN

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions are either necessary or sufficient to produce emotional experience. Researchers have noted that the ideal test of the necessity aspect of this hypothesis would be an evaluation of emotional experience in a patient suffering from a bilateral facial paralysis; however, this condition is rare and no such report has been documented. We examined the role of facial expressions in the determination of emotion by studying a patient (F.P.) suffering from a bilateral facial paralysis. Despite her inability to convey emotions through facial expressions, F.P. reported normal emotional experience. When F.P. viewed emotionally evocative slides her reactions were not dampened relative to the normative sample. F.P. retained her ability to detect, discriminate, and image emotional expressions. These findings are not consistent with theories stating that feedback from an active face is necessary to experience emotion, or to process emotional facial expressions. (JINS, 2002, 8, 130–135.)


1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Wolan Sullivan ◽  
Michael Lewis

Facial expressions of 4and 6-month-old infants were coded at several points during contingency learning and contrasted with those of control subjects. Many different emotional expressions were observed and distinctive patterns of expression characterised contingent but not control subjects. Results indicated that emotion and contingency learning are closely linked in young infants and support a model of emotion and cognition as interdependent processes. Facial behaviours during learning may be valuable in conceptualising the relationship between emotional and cognitive processes in infancy.


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