Can tissue element concentration patterns at the individual species level indicate the factors underlying vegetation gradients in wetlands?

Long-term variability in the abundance of populations depends on the sensitivity of species to environmental fluctuations and the amplification of environmental fluctuations by interactions among species. Although competitive interactions and species number may have diverse effects on variability measured at the individual species level, a combination of theoretical analyses shows that these factors have no effect on variability measured at the community level. Therefore, biodiversity may increase community stability by promoting diversity among species in their responses to environmental fluctuations, but increasing the number and strength of competitive interactions has little effect.

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Retrieval of Mangrove Aboveground Biomass at the Individual Species Level with WorldView-2 Images

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs70912192 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 12192-12214 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Yuanhui Zhu ◽

Kai Liu ◽

Lin Liu ◽

Shugong Wang ◽

Hongxing Liu

Keyword(s):

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Species Level ◽

Individual Species ◽

The Individual

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The Leaf Anatomy of Leptospermum Forst. (Myrtaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9800077 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 77 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

CT Johnson

Keyword(s):

Leaf Anatomy ◽

Water Availability ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Species Level ◽

Individual Species ◽

Stomatal Development ◽

Ecological Data ◽

Anatomical Characters ◽

Character Complexes ◽

The Individual

The leaf anatomy of 40 species of Leptospermum Forst. (Myrtaceae) is described in detail. The genus shows a fairly constant, typically myrtaceous leaf structure with isobilateral mesophyll and the presence of schizogenous oil cavities as constant characters. Variation occurs in stomatal type, sculpturing of the cuticle, persistence of the indumentum, and structure of the oil cavities. Both perigenous and mesoperigenous types of stomatal development have been observed. A number of characters show a considerable variation below the species level. The pattern of anatomical variation does not support Bentham's subdivision of the genus into three sections. Alternative subdivisions cannot be proposed on account of considerable overlap of the character complexes of the individual species. In some cases it is, however, possible to suggest mutual affinity (e. g. between L. laevigatum and L. coriaceum) on the basis of leaf anatomy. A comparison of the available ecological data with anatomical characters supports some of the generalized trends for increased xeromorphy with water availability. On the whole, however, all species of Leptospermum, including the mesic ones, show a rather xeromorphic leaf anatomy.

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Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis: Powerful Tools for an Improved Diagnosis of Fish Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum Group Members

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040797 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 797

Author(s):

Davide Mugetti ◽

Mattia Tomasoni ◽

Paolo Pastorino ◽

Giuseppe Esposito ◽

Vasco Menconi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Gene Sequencing ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Individual Species ◽

Identification System ◽

Mycobacterium Fortuitum ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Species Determination ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

The Individual

The Mycobacterium fortuitum group (MFG) consists of about 15 species of fast-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). These globally distributed microorganisms can cause diseases in humans and animals, especially fish. The increase in the number of species belonging to MFG and the diagnostic techniques panel do not allow to clarify their real clinical significance. In this study, biomolecular techniques were adopted for species determination of 130 isolates derived from fish initially identified through biochemical tests as NTM belonging to MFG. Specifically, gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used based on a fragment of the gene encoding the 65 KDa heat shock protein (hsp65). The analyzes made it possible to confirm that all the isolates belong to MFG, allowing to identify the strains at species level. Phylogenetic analysis substantially confirmed what was obtained by gene sequencing, except for six strains; this is probably due to the sequences present in NCBI database. Although the methodology used cannot represent a univocal identification system, this study has allowed us to evaluate its effectiveness as regards the species of MFG. Future studies will be necessary to apply these methods with other gene fragments and to clarify the real pathogenic significance of the individual species of this group of microorganisms.

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Taxonomic application of macro and micro morphological characters of seeds in Astragalus L. (Galegeae, Fabaceae) in India

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.502.2.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 502 (2) ◽

pp. 191-207

Author(s):

SHIVANI KASHYAP ◽

CHANDAN KUMAR SAHU ◽

ROHIT KUMAR VERMA ◽

LAL BABU CHAUDHARY

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Seed Coat ◽

Morphological Plasticity ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Individual Species ◽

Large Size ◽

The Individual ◽

Scanning Electron

Due to large size and enormous morphological plasticity, the taxonomy of the genus Astragalus is very complex and challenging. The identification and grouping of species chiefly based on macromorphological characters become sometimes difficult in the genus. In the present study, the micromorphology of the seeds of 30 species belonging to 14 sections of Astragalus from India has been examined applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with light microscopy (LM) to evaluate their role in identification and classification. Attention was paid to colour, shape, size and surface of seeds. The overall size of the seeds ranges from 1.5–3.2 × 0.8–2.2 mm. The shape of the seeds is cordiform, deltoid, mitiform, orbicular, ovoid and reniform. The colour of seeds varies from brown to blackish-brown to black. Papillose, reticulate, ribbed, rugulate and stellate patterns were observed on the seed coat surface (spermoderm) among different species. The study reveals that the seed coat ornamentations have evolved differently among species and do not support the subgeneric and sectional divisions of the genus. However, they add an additional feature to the individual species, which may help in identification in combination with other macro-morphological features.

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Larval and post-larval stages of fishes recorded from the plankton of Galway Bay, 1972–73

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400020543 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 197-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Julie M. Fives ◽

F. I. O'Brien

Keyword(s):

Copepod Species ◽

Individual Species ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Percentage Occurrence ◽

Bay Area ◽

The Individual ◽

Recorded Occurrence

The Galway Bay area was sampled quantitatively for plankton during 1972–3. The larvae and/or post-larvae of 67 species of fish were identified from the plankton. The recorded occurrence per m3 and the percentage occurrence of the individual species is presented and discussed, and reference is made to the concurrent occurrence of various chaetognath species and copepod species. The results of previous investigations of the plankton of the Galway Bay area are mentioned.

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Species interactions in three Lemnaceae species growing along a gradient of zinc pollution

10.22541/au.163965076.65587328/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lorena Lanthemann ◽

Sofia van Moorsel

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Species Interactions ◽

Metal Removal ◽

Lemna Minor ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Future Research ◽

Individual Species ◽

High Tolerance ◽

Species Mixture ◽

The Individual

Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are increasingly studied for their potential for phytoremediation of heavy-metal polluted water bodies. A prerequisite for metal removal, however, is the tolerance of the organism to the pollutant, e.g., the metal zinc (Zn). Duckweeds have been shown to differ in their tolerances to Zn, however, despite them most commonly co-occurring with other species, there is a lack of research concerning the effect of species interactions on Zn tolerance. Here we tested whether the presence of a second species influenced the growth rate of the three duckweed species Lemna minor, Lemna gibba, and Lemna turionifera. We used four different Zn concentrations in a replicated microcosm experiment under sterile conditions, either growing the species in isolation or in a 2-species mixture. The response to Zn differed between species, but all three species showed a high tolerance to Zn, with low levels of Zn even increasing the growth rates. The growth rates of the individual species were influenced by the identity of the competing species, but this was independent of the Zn concentration. Our results suggest that species interactions should be considered in future research with duckweeds and that several duckweed species have high tolerance to metal pollution, making them candidates for phytoremediation efforts.

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Estimation of above-ground phytomass and carbon in tree resources outside the forest (TROF): A geo-spatial approach

Banko Janakari ◽

10.3126/banko.v24i1.13488 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 34-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. P. Heyojoo ◽

S. Nandy

Keyword(s):

Satellite Image ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Individual Species ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Spatial Approach ◽

Specific Standard ◽

Vegetation Carbon ◽

Carbon Project ◽

The Individual ◽

Species Specific

This study aims to estimate above-ground phytomass and carbon of TROF ecosystem in part of Bijnor district in Uttar Pradesh state of India using IRS P6 LISS-IV satellite image by geo-spatial approach coupled with field sampling. Chacko’s formula was referred to compute number of samples in each TROF types and the sample plot size in each stratum was adopted from Vegetation Carbon Project (VCP) under National Carbon Project (NCP). With the help of field data consisting mainly the height and girth information, volume of each individual tree per plot was obtained using site and tree species-specific standard volumetric equations. The phytomass was calculated by multiplying volume with Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF) then with regional specific gravity of the individual species and summed up in each plot to get total phytomass per plot. The total phytomass per plot was reported to be maximum 544.00 t/ha for linear TROF followed by 121.89 t/ha for block TROF. The carbon from phytomass was obtained by multiplying the total phytomass by a conversion factor that represents the average carbon content in phytomass. Spectral modeling for phytomass with different bands and indices were established and the best fit curve (R2 = 0.552) with red band was applied to generate phytomass and carbon distribution map of the study area.Banko Janakari, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 34-40

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Random Mutagenesis of Filamentous Fungi Strains for High-Yield Production of Secondary Metabolites: The Role of Polyamines

10.5772/intechopen.93702 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander A. Zhgun

Keyword(s):

Filamentous Fungi ◽

Random Mutagenesis ◽

Strain Improvement ◽

Main Tool ◽

High Yield ◽

Individual Species ◽

Airborne Spores ◽

Yield Production ◽

Improvement Programs ◽

The Individual

A filamentous fungus (also called molds or moldy fungus) is a taxonomically diverse organism from phylum Zygomycota and Ascomycota with filamentous hyphae and has the ability to produce airborne spores or conidia. Currently, more than 70,000 molds are known, and some of them contain unique and unusual biochemical pathways. A number of products from such pathways, especially, the secondary metabolite (SM) pathways are used as important pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, statins, and immunodepresants. Under different conditions, the individual species can produce more than 100 SM. The strain improvement programs lead to high yielding in target SM and significant reduction of spin-off products. The main tool for the strain improvement of filamentous fungi is random mutagenesis and screening. The majority of industrial overproducing SM strains were developed with the help of such technique over the past 50–70 years; the yield of the target SM increased by 100- to 1000-fold or more. Moreover, most of the strains have reached their technological limit of improvement. A new round of mutagenesis has not increased overproduction. Recently, it was shown that that the addition of exogenous polyamines may increase the production of such improved strains of filamentous fungi. The possible molecular mechanism of this phenomenon and its biotechnological applications are discussed.

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Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & Dewey - a review, and evaluation of intermediate and pubescent wheatgrass for dryland agriculture in New Zealand

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1998.60.2278 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 233-241

Author(s):

B.J. Wills ◽

G.B. Douglas ◽

J. Mckenzie ◽

K.D. Trainor ◽

A.G. Foote

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Individual Species ◽

Thinopyrum Intermedium ◽

Dryland Agriculture ◽

Alternative Species ◽

The Individual ◽

Local Use

Intermediate and pubescent wheatgrasses (Thinopyrum intermedium) are potentially useful as dryland forage grasses in New Zealand. The recent literature on their international and local use in pasture and cropping situations is reviewed. Under semi-arid conditions at Bendigo Station over a 13-year period, cv. Luna wheatgrass has spread several metres from the original drill lines and it provides very high ground cover. In terms of dryland soil resource conservation this contrasts with adjacent cocksfoot and, to a lesser extent, lucerne plots which have wide-spaced plants interspersed with litter and much bare ground. In a mixed drilling containing wheatgrass, hairy dorycnium, birdsfoot trefoil and sheep's burnet, the first two species now dominate. At Takapau, central Hawke's Bay, annual yields from intermediate and pubescent wheatgrasses produced over 80% of the yield of 10 New Zealand cultivars in spring, summer and autumn, and 65% in the winter. Of the wheatgrasses, cv. Topar intermediate wheatgrass and a pubescent wheatgrass (unnamed line) were the lowest yielding, whereas cv. Oahe and cv. Mandan produced the highest yields. Cv. Greenleaf pubescent wheatgrass had higher foliar nitrogen content than all other species, but in vitro organic matter digestibility was less than 700 g OM/kg DM. Although the wheatgrasses had satisfactory herbage yield and nutritional value, better alternative species are available for pastoral farming in central Hawke's Bay. On Belfield in the Hakataramea Valley, cv. Rush has been the most vigorous wheatgrass for establishment and it seems to handle cold winds and frost well. Hay made from a wheatgrass/ lucerne mix is considered better than that from the individual species as this can increase production by 40-50%, depending on soil and climatic conditions. Usually only one cut per year is taken from the mixed pasture. Crop maintenance includes the application of 200 kg/ha of sulphur super extra every 3-4 years and the pH is maintained at about 5.9-6.4 by liming. A significant advantage is that no stock health, pest or plant disease problems have been noted as yet with any of the wheatgrass varieties available in New Zealand. Keywords: dryland agriculture, New Zealand, Thinopyrum, wheatgrass

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