The Development of Monograph: Lahan dan Petani as Learning Materials of Agricultural Geography

Improving the quality of learning in the current 4.0 education era can be done through learning materials, one of which is monographs. According to their learning achievements, monographs can increase students' insights based on relevant literature studies and the latest research results following scientific developments. This monograph can support agriculture in Indonesia in the Agricultural Geography. It helps students in applicative ways to understand material related to the use of dryland, especially for students who live where the use of agricultural land is in the form of wetlands or swamps. This study aimed to develop a monograph of Lahan dan Petani as a learning material for agricultural geography using the Sadiman model. In this study, validation tests were carried out by material and media experts who are competent in their fields. The developed monograph was declared feasible as a reference book to support the Agricultural Geography course. It can contribute to education, especially in increasing students' knowledge contextually about dryland agriculture.

Sediment Flow Characteristics in The Upper Slope of Volcanic Landscapes With Dryland Agriculture

Increasing population densities and food demands are major factors contributing to the widespread use of agricultural drylands in upper volcanic slope areas. This phenomenon poses a high risk of severe erosional events that are environmentally hazardous. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the sediment flow characteristics, based on the relationship between sediment flow and water level as well as the sediment discharge rate and soil loss. Field surveys were conducted to determine the soil measurement, slope morphology and dryland cover characteristics. The sediment flow was evaluated at the gully outlet, where 169 suspension data pairs for the modeling and 130 suspension data pairs for the validation, as well as the bed load, water level, rainfall and water flow characteristics were obtained. Tables and figures were subsequently used to represent the measurement data and analysis results for the correlation between the flow rate effects, sediment and soil loss on the water surface. The results showed that the sediment flow in volcanic landscape slopes with dryland agriculture were possibly characterized by the polynomial relationship, using the suspension discharge model, Qs=0.0322Q2+6.0625Q–1.2658. Under this condition, the average rate of soil loss in the form of sediment load and erosion rate of the catchment area occurred at 953.53 and ​​1,657.94 ton/ha/yr, respectively. Furthermore, the sediment sources in the soil loss were believed to originate from 83% of the suspended sediments and 17% bed loads. Keywords: Discharge; Dryland; Landscape; Sediment; Volcano Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Impact of Land Use and Climate Changes on Flood Inundation Areas in the Lower Cimanuk Watershed, West Java Province

Land use and climatic changes potentially affect the surface runoff and inundation in watershed zones. Every year, the outflow of the Cimanuk River causes floods across the majority of the upper area of the Cimanuk Watershed, as well as the lower area. This study aimed to assess the impact of climatic and land use changes on future flood inundation in the Lower Cimanuk Watershed using a RRI model. Land-use change has been prepared by modeling using a multi-layer perceptron neural network and Markov Chain approach, while climate change using HadGEM2-ES global climate model data under scenarios RCP4.5. In particular, the forest area was projected to decline in this watershed zone, from 19.54% of the total area in 2019 to 17.73% in 2050. Similarly, the area of paddy fields was predicted to decline from approximately 34.36% in 2019 to 29.65% in 2050. In contrast, other types of land use such as dryland agriculture, mixed dryland agriculture, and settlements were projected to increase in the future. The coverage of the simulated flood inundation area using the Rainfall-Runoff Inundation model estimated to reach 179.4 km2 in 2019. The simulation results showed an increase in flood inundation areas in 2030 and 2050, alongside changes in land use and climate. The areas affected by flood inundation were estimated to reach 253.3 km2in 2030. This coverage was expected to increase by 311.9 km2 in 2050, with severely affected land uses including settlements, dry land agriculture, mixed dry land agriculture, paddy fields, and ponds.

Coping strategies for extreme weather in dryland agriculture

Dryland areas account for 48% of area under food crop and 52% under non-food crop cultivation and contribute about 42% of total food grain production in India. Drought is the predominant weather extreme influencing the socio-economic structure of not only dry land regions but also the entire country. Various drought monitoring techniques and mechanisms aim at mitigating the drought impacts at different spatial scales. They are discussed briefly here with strategies to cope up this weather anomaly at different time scales. Dry land districts that are prone to frequent hail episodes are identified and measures to minimize damage to agriculture are also discussed.

Screening of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes against Alternaria Leaf Spot Caused by (Alternaria alternata) under Dryland Conditions of Kashmir

Sixty-three genotypes of french bean was screened against leaf spot (Alternaria alternata) in sick plots at Research Farm of Dryland Agriculture Research Srinagar, Rangreth during Kharif 2018 and 2019. The highest mean disease incidence ranged from 0.00 to 85.00 per cent with the mean disease intensity ranged from 0.00 to 53.26 per cent .One genotype namely ‘Local Pulwama’ was highly susceptible in their disease reaction. Among the screened germplasm, ‘Highly Resistant’ genotypes was SKU-R-601, SKUA-R-105, SKU-R-927, DARS-25, DARS-66, DARS-R-615, while as ‘Susceptible’ genotypes was DARS-8, DARS-12, DARS-11, SKUAST-R-155, SKU-R-928, DARS-7, DARS-R-4, Bhaderwah (L), Local Kupwara black and Raj Jawala. Local Pulwama was found to be a highly susceptible (HS) genotype. Twenty nine genotypes namely., DARS-16, DARS-9, DARS-54, DARS-39, VL-125, DARS-63, ENTO-504, SKUAST-204,SKU-R-925, DARS-60, DARS-109, DARS-43, DARS-44, SKU-R-23, DARS-4, DARS-74, SKU-R-105, DARS-40, DARS-23, DARS-18, SKU-R-71, WB-341, SKU-R-605, Uri local, Shopian (L), SKU-R-23, DARS-71, SSGB-729, DARS-R-19 showed resistant reaction to disease. The selection for resistance was based on the reaction of varieties on leaves.

Impact of land use change on hydrological conditions in the Karajae watershed, South Sulawesi Province

Land use is a representation of activities and utilization of land resources by the community. Land use has a big influence on the hydrological condition of a watershed. One of the small watersheds, in general, is the Karajae watershed, but it has a very large impact on the City of Pare-Pare, and the surrounding community. The Karajae watershed is the main water source for the people of Pare-Pare and agriculture. This study aims to analyze land use patterns that have a major impact on hydrological conditions in the Karajae watershed. The analysis begins with remote sensing methods to interpret land use using Landsat 7 image data in 2010 and Landsat 8 imagery in 2020. Next, analyze the pattern of land use change in detail in each forest area with a geographic information system approach. Analysis of hydrological conditions using the Soil and Water Assessment Tools approach with the input of the land use data. Land use Change 2010-2020 in the Karajae watershed shows additional land use in the form of settlements, rice fields, and dryland agriculture as a form of community activity. There are two forest areas in the Karajae watershed, namely production forest and protected forest. Production forest is dominated by dryland agriculture in the form of corn, beans, and horticulture, while the protected forest is dominated by and secondary dryland forest. This has an impact on hydrological conditions that there are fluctuations in discharge and an increase in sediment a decade ago. Optimal application of forest functions reduces discharge and sediment. Different forest planning for each forest function and land use within. Production forest with many activities directed towards community-based forest management such as community forest and village forest. As for the Protected Forest, which is dominated by grassland and shrubs, forest rehabilitation is carried out.

Plant remains unearthed at the Donghulin site in Beijing: discussion on results of flotation

A number of charred plant seeds were recovered from the Donghulin site by means of flotation. The site is located in suburban Beijing and dates from 11,000 to 9000 BP. A total of 14 charred grains of foxtail millet have been collected and identified as of the domesticated species (Setaria italica) according to morphological analysis. One grain of broomcorn millet was also identified. These are the earliest domesticated millet grains recovered by flotation, providing crucial archaeological evidence for understanding the timing, locations, and processes of millet domestication. Moreover, the charred seeds of Setaria viridis provide important clues for exploring the wild ancestral plants of foxtail millet and the domestication process. The results of flotation at the Donghulin site are important for understanding the origins of dryland agriculture in North China, which was predominated by millet farming.

Super Absorbent polymers and their Composites for Application in Agriculture

In dryland agriculture, Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) are popular. However, the mechanical property, repetitive soil water absorption and release, regularly affects the water retention and hydraulic parameters of the soil, and since this property decreases progressively over time, the results of the property appear to be unpredictable. Polymers use to in agriculture field.