Faktor Personal dan Sikap Teman mengenai Tindakan Pencegahan Dampak Penularan HIV/AIDS dengan Stigma Mahasiswa Terhadap Orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA)

The prevention program of the impact of HIV / AIDS is a form of handling the existence of the stigma and discrimination of PLWHA. This study aims to analyze the relationship of personal factors consisting of knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of friends about prevention the impact of HIV / AIDS with the stigma of student at the PLWHA, as well as looking for the factors that most influence student stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS. This research is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional approach with a research population of all students of the 2016 and 2017 batches classes of the University in Sukoharjo, totaling 12,457 students with a sample used was 500 students with Proportional Random Sampling. The data collection was using a self administered questionnaire and the data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test in the bivariate test while the logistic regression test was used for multivariate analysis. The results of the bivariate test showed that knowledge (p value = 0,0001), perception (p value = 0,0001), and the attitudes of friends (p value = 0,0001) with stigma of students towards PLWHA with a significant level of a = 0,05. The multivariate test found that the attitude of friends is the most influential factor on student stigma in PLWHA (OR=5,627). It is necessary to provide information to students and the scope of their friendship about HIV/AIDS, as well as HIV prevention programs to reduce stigma in PLWHA. Keywords : personal factors, friend attitude, HIV/AIDS, stigma, PLWHA

A Comparison of COVID-19 Stigma and AIDS Stigma During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

Objective: To understand the current situation of stigmatizing attitudes toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China and compare it with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Methods: Convenient sampling and vignette-based methods were used to recruit participants on WeChat. A demographic form and adopted stigma scale were used to collect participants' demographic information and stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 and AIDS.Results: A total of 13,994 questionnaires were included in this study. A high portion of participants tend to avoid contact with individuals affected with COVID-19 (74.3%) or AIDS (59.0%), as well as their family members (70.4% for COVID-19 and 47.9% for AIDS). About half of the participants agreed that affected persons could not only cause problems to their own family but also have adverse effects on others (59.6% and 55.6% for COVID-19, 56.9 and 47.0% for AIDS). The agreements with statements about perceived stigma were similar but slightly higher than those about personal stigma in both COVID-19 and AIDS. Participants' agreements with all statements regarding personal and perceived stigma attitudes between COVID-19 and AIDS were all statistically significant (p < 0.001). Participants obtained COVID-19-related information mainly from social media (91.3%) and newspaper or television (77.1%) during the epidemic, and 61.0% of them thought information from newspapers or television was the most reliable.Conclusion: Several similarities and differences of people's attitude toward COVID-19 and AIDS were found. Avoidance, blame, and secondary discrimination to diagnosed persons and their surrounding persons were the main representations of COVID-19-related stigma. Stigma of COVID-19 had less moral link but more public panic. Experience from HIV-related stigma reduction and prevention can be applied to reduce COVID-19-related stigma.

Stigma Related to COVID-19 Positive Patients in Jeddah – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during 2020 Pandemic

Background: COVID-19 has contributed to the development of stigma in the community of Jeddah, thus causing negative attitudes and beliefs toward individuals linked to the disease. Objective: To describe stigma related to COVID-19 positive patients and find out factors associated with stigma subscales. Subjects and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study conducted on COVID-19 positive patients (lab confirmed) in Jeddah. The sample size was 420 patients, and the data was collected using a validated questionnaire adapted from HIV/AIDS stigma instrument (HASI-P). The data were analysed using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS, version 27.0). Results: Total number of responses was (419). The median age was 32 (IQR, 25-43). Both genders, Saudi and non-Saudi, were included. The tool used to measure the COVID-19 related stigma of different six subscales. The verbal abuse had a median of (0, IQR=0-0.25), negative self-perception (median=0, IQR=0.02), health care neglect (median=0, IQR=0-0), social isolation (median=0.2, IQR=0-0.6), fear of contagion (median=0.33, IQR=0-0.83) and workplace stigma (median=0, IQR=0-0). Male gender was significantly associated with social isolation and fear of contagion, while working in the health care field was associated with workplace-related stigma. Conclusion: COVID-19-related social stigma was reported by a considerable number of Jeddah healthcare providers, specifically workplace-related stigma. Unexpectedly, males need more attention as regard to social isolation and fear of contagion. The results of this study can be of used to guide supportive social interventions to suppress the COVID-19 related stigma.

HIV–AIDS Stigma in Burundi: A Qualitative Descriptive Study

HIV/AIDS stigma is a global issue and a serious problem in African countries. Although prevalence remains high in this region, no detailed study has yet been carried out to determine and characterize this problem in Burundi. Using a qualitative analysis based on an extensive series of 114 interviews, we describe the main characteristics of HIV stigma in the country. The results of our study indicate that the problem of HIV/AIDS stigma is widespread in Burundian society, as all participants in the research reported having experienced some kind of HIV stigma. The seven dimensions of stigma identified in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Burundi are physical violence, verbal violence, marginalization, discrimination, self-stigma, fear and insecurity, and healthcare provider stigma. These dimensions of stigma can be experienced through different manifestations, which have been characterized in this study, revealing that the problem of stigma in PLWHA is still an important issue in Burundi.

The Assessment of Misconceptions of HIV/AIDS, Stigma to HIV and Perceived Susceptibility to HIV/AIDS in Iranian University Students

Background: AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease that can expose a person at risk with the onset of unprotected sexual behavior from adolescence. This study aimed to assess the misconceptions of HIV/AIDS, stigma in adolescents infected with AIDS and the perceived threats of HIV/AIDS in the Iranian college students. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed in Shahroud city, Iran. 1500 female and male students in the age bracket of 18-24 were included in the study. Multistage sampling was employed. After obtaining permission from the universities and stating the objective of the study, the questionnaires (HIV misconception, Stigma to HIVand PerceivedSusceptibility to HIV/AIDS) were distributed to students during the end of lecture time upon the agreement of the education officials and were then collected after 15 minutes. To ensure that the information provided remain confidential, students were asked not to write down their names and fields of study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20 and descriptive-analytical statistics, such as percentage, mean scores, t-test Spearman, and chi-squared and Pearson tests. Results: The results showed that 919 students (61.2%) were female and 539 students (36.1%) were male. The results of the present study indicated that there is false information and beliefs on AIDS among the Iranian adolescents and 592 students (40.7%) answered correctly. Considering the perceived threat of AIDS, the results indicated that in response to the item "unprotected sex put the adolescents at risk of sexual transmitted diseases" 416 (45.8%) female students and 321 (60.5%) male students answered totally opposite, indicating significant difference between the two genders (P=0.00). Conclusion: It is suggested to provide students with more information through mass media and discussions between students, teachers and parents. Training should increase the youth sensitivity to AIDS, as well as promoting sexual relationships until marriage or healthy and safe sex.

Perspectives of education sector stakeholders on a teacher training module to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma in Western Kenya

Background For adolescents living with HIV (ALWH), school may be the most important but understudied social sphere related to HIV stigma. Teachers are role models in the classroom and within the community, and their attitudes and behavior towards people living with HIV may have critical psychosocial and treatment ramifications. Altering teachers’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs (K/A/B) about HIV could reduce the stigmatizing content within their teaching, classrooms and school, improving the environment for ALWH. Methods We developed a one-day teacher training module to enrich teacher K/A/B that included lecture presentations, HIV films and educational animation, structured instructions for teacher role play scenarios, and a question-and-answer session facilitated by a trained ALWH peer educator. We also conducted key informant interviews with education sector subject matter experts (SMEs), including education officers, county commissioners and head teachers to review and provide feedback on the teacher training module. Results We assembled an adolescent community advisory board and recruited 50 SMEs to review the training module and provide feedback. All SME participants stressed the importance and need for interventions to reduce stigma in the classroom, highlighting their own experiences observing stigmatizing behaviors in the community. The participants perceived the training as culturally relevant and easy to understand and had minor suggestions for improvement, including using image-based resources and brighter colors for ease of reading. All participants thought that the training should be expanded outside of the schools, as all people in a community have a role in the reduction of HIV stigma, and offered suggestions for other settings for implementation. Conclusion Data from interviews with education sector stakeholders demonstrate that our process for developing a culturally appropriate multi-media intervention to reduce HIV stigma in the schools was feasible.

Translation and cross language validation of human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale in a Pakistani context

Objectives: To evaluate the translation and validation of human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale in Urdu language. Methods: The evaluation study was conducted in Lahore, Kasur, Gujranwala and Faisalabad from January 2019 to June 2019. Forward-backward translation method was used to translate the human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale from English to Urdu. Additionally, inter-correlation among variables was assessed by using correlation to determine the psychometric properties. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale was done followed by confirmatory factor analysis for establishing a good model fit. Results: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.95. There was high correlation among the sub-components of the the scale, ranging from 0.38 to 0.80 (p<0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis depicted good model fit. Conclusion: The Urdu version of the human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale was found to be a valid and reliable tool to measure personal stigma, disclosure concern, concerns about public attitude and negative self-image. Key Words: HIV/AIDS stigma, Translation, Cross-validation. Continuous...