Strength and cardiometabolic risk in young adults: The mediator role of aerobic fitness and waist circumference

Background: Excess ectopic fat has been associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, which may partially stem from changes in adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin. Prior studies have demonstrated that increased leptin and decreased adiponectin are associated with an increase in body mass index (BMI), but few have examined changes in adipokines related to changes in ectopic fat. We hypothesized that in healthy overweight and obese young adults, a decrease in ectopic fat will be associated with decreased levels of leptin and increased levels of adiponectin. Methods: We analyzed 244 subjects participating in the Slow Adverse Vascular Effects (SAVE) study, a randomized trial of a behavioral weight loss intervention in 349 overweight and obese (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) men and women ages 20-45 years. Subjects underwent a CT scan of their abdomen and left thigh to quantify their amount of visceral (VAT) and intramuscular (IMAT) adipose tissue at baseline and 12 months. Serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were also measured at baseline and 12 months. We generated variables for the change in VAT, IMAT, adiponectin and leptin by subtracting 12-month from baseline values. To evaluate the association between changes in serum adipokine (dependent variable) levels with changes in VAT and left thigh IMAT (independent variables), we performed a series of multiple linear regression analyses controlling for: 1) age, sex, race and 2) previous variables + change in BMI tertile. Results: The mean age at baseline was 38 ± 6 years; 181 (74.5%) subjects were female; and 198 (81.5%) were white. Mean VAT at baseline was 115.27 ± 53.58 cm2 with a mean decrease of 17.54 ± 36.71 cm2 at 12 months. Mean left thigh IMAT was 12.76 ± 4.87 cm2 at baseline with a mean decrease of 5.05 ± 3.20 cm2 at 12 months. Serum adiponectin was 11.90 ± 6.15 μg/mL at baseline, with a mean increase of 0.14 ± 3.79 μg/mL at 12 months. Serum leptin was 25.11 ± 13.38 μg/mL at baseline, with a mean decrease of 4.26 ± 10.71μg/mL at 12 months. After adjusting for age, sex, and race, a decrease in VAT was significantly associated with an increase in adiponectin (P=0.010) and decrease in leptin (P<0.001); a decrease in IMAT was significantly associated with an increase in adiponectin (P=0.003), but was not significantly associated with a decrease in leptin (P=0.297). Except for the association between a decrease in IMAT and decrease in leptin (P=0.048), these relationships were no longer significant after adjusting for change in BMI tertile. Conclusion: A decrease in ectopic fat was associated with an increase in adiponectin and a decrease in leptin in young overweight/obese adults after adjusting for age, sex, and race. This underscores the metabolic activity of ectopic fat and supports the role of adiponectin and leptin as mediators of cardiometabolic risk.

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Are There Different Criteria Affecting Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Regulation as Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Young Adults Other than BMI and Waist Circumference?

Medical Principles and Practice ◽

10.1159/000342820 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 100-100

Author(s):

Yalcin Onem

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Glucose Regulation ◽

Impaired Glucose Regulation

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The relationship between sustained attention and aerobic fitness in a group of young adults

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.3831 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. e3831 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Luis F. Ciria ◽

Pandelis Perakakis ◽

Antonio Luque-Casado ◽

Cristina Morato ◽

Daniel Sanabria

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Sustained Attention ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Vigilance Task ◽

Attention Task ◽

Oddball Task ◽

Broad Array ◽

Key Factor ◽

Psychomotor Vigilance

BackgroundA growing set of studies has shown a positive relationship between aerobic fitness and a broad array of cognitive functions. However, few studies have focused on sustained attention, which has been considered a fundamental cognitive process that underlies most everyday activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aerobic fitness as a key factor in sustained attention capacities in young adults.MethodsForty-four young adults (18–23 years) were divided into two groups as a function of the level of aerobic fitness (high-fit and low-fit). Participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and an oddball task where they had to detect infrequent targets presented among frequent non-targets.ResultsThe analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed faster responses for the high-fit group than for the low-fit group in the PVT, replicating previous accounts. In the oddball task, the high-fit group maintained their accuracy (ACC) rate of target detection over time, while the low-fit group suffered a significant decline of response ACC throughout the task.DiscussionImportantly, the results show that the greater sustained attention capacity of high-fit young adults is not specific to a reaction time (RT) sustained attention task like the PVT, but it is also evident in an ACC oddball task. In sum, the present findings point to the important role of aerobic fitness on sustained attention capacities in young adults.

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Measurement of Waist Circumference at Four Different Sites in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Concordance and Correlation with Nutritional Status as well as Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Obesity Facts ◽

10.1159/000157248 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 243-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Britta Hitze ◽

Anja Bosy-Westphal ◽

Fenja Bielfeldt ◽

Uta Settler ◽

Heiner Mönig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young Adults ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults

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Cycling but not walking to work or study is associated with physical fitness, body composition and clustered cardiometabolic risk in young men

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000668 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e000668 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jani P Vaara ◽

Tommi Vasankari ◽

Mikael Fogelholm ◽

Harri Koski ◽

Heikki Kyröläinen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Composition ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Active Commuting ◽

Adult Men

IntroductionActive commuting is an inexpensive and accessible form of physical activity and may be beneficial to health. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of active commuting and its subcomponents, cycling and walking, with cardiometabolic risk factors, physical fitness and body composition in young men.MethodsParticipants were 776 Finnish young (26±7 years), healthy adult men. Active commuting was measured with self-report. Waist circumference was measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Aerobic fitness was measured with bicycle ergometer and muscular fitness with maximal leg and bench press, sit-ups, push-ups and standing long jump. Cardiometabolic risk factors were analysed from blood samples and selected variables (glucose, insulin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were further converted to z-score to form clustered cardiometabolic risk.ResultsA total of 24% used active commuting consisting of 10% of walkers and 14% of cyclists. After adjustments for age, smoking, time of year, leisure-time and occupational physical activities, cycling was inversely associated with the clustered cardiometabolic risk (β=−0.11, 95% CI −0.22 to −0.01), while walking was not (β=−0.04, 95% CI −0.16 to 0.08). However, further adjustment for waist circumference attenuated the associations to non-significant. Moreover, cycling but not walking was inversely associated with BMI, waist circumference and maximal strength, while a positive association was observed with aerobic fitness (p<0.05).ConclusionThis study shows that cycling to work or study has beneficial associations to clustered cardiometabolic risk, body composition and aerobic fitness in young, healthy adult men.

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Childhood trauma and cardiometabolic risk in severe mental disorders: The mediating role of cognitive control

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.14 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Synve Hoffart Lunding ◽

Carmen Simonsen ◽

Monica Aas ◽

Linn Rødevand ◽

Maren Caroline Frogner Werner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Cognitive Control ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Serum Lipids ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Personality Characteristics ◽

Severe Mental Disorders ◽

Mediating Role

Abstract Background Cardiometabolic risk is increased in severe mental disorders (SMDs), and there appears to be a relationship between childhood trauma and cardiometabolic risk, possibly related to adverse health behavior. The current study examined the association between childhood trauma and serum lipids and adiposity in SMDs and the potential mediating role of cognitive and personality characteristics. Methods Participants with schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum disorders (N = 819) were included, cardiometabolic risk factors (serum lipids, body mass index, and waist circumference) were measured, and history of childhood trauma was assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Cognitive and personality characteristics were available in subsamples, with assessments of cognitive control, impulsiveness, self-esteem, and affective lability. Linear regressions and mediation analyses with Hayes’ PROCESS were performed, adjusting for age, sex, antipsychotic agent propensity of metabolic side-effect, and diagnostic group. Results Experience of three or more subtypes of childhood trauma was positively associated with waist circumference in patients with SMDs (p = 0.014). There were no other significant associations between trauma variables and lipid or adiposity measures in the total sample. Cognitive control was a significant mediator between experience of one or two subtypes of childhood trauma and waist circumference. Conclusions The results indicate childhood trauma as a predisposing factor for increased waist circumference in individuals with SMDs. Poorer cognitive control, suggestive of adverse health behavior, might be a mediating factor of the association, and the findings indicate the potential importance of increased focus on these factors in prevention and treatment regimens targeting cardiometabolic health.

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Superior Role of Waist Circumference to Body-Mass Index in the Prediction of Cardiometabolic Risk in Dyslipidemic Patients

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.934176 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 931-938

Author(s):

Ľ. Cibičková ◽

K. Langová ◽

H. Vaverková ◽

J. Lukeš ◽

N. Cibiček

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Predictive Values ◽

High Bmi

Coronary risk evaluation by conventional factors (age, gender, smoking, blood pressure and cholesterol) may further be specified by facets of the metabolic syndrome, namely insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and obesity. Although obesity is usually defined as elevated body mass index (BMI), recent data indicate a superior role of waist circumference or hypertri-glyceridemic waist (HTGW) over BMI in the assessment of cardiometabolic risk. In dyslipidemic patients, the specific contributions of risky waist, HTGW or BMI have not been evaluated as yet. 686 dyslipidemic subjects (322 males and 364 females) were enrolled into a cross-sectional study. In each subject basic antropometry (i.e. waist circumference, HTGW, BMI) and laboratory parameters of lipid profile and insulin resistance were determined. Cardiometabolic risk was given by fulfilling the criteria (harmonized definition) of metabolic syndrome. The significance of risky waist, HTGW and BMI were assessed by comparing the respective predictive values for the presence of metabolic syndrome. Dyslipidemic patients with risky waist, HTGW or high BMI have a more atherogenic lipid profile and higher insulin resistance compared to those without risky waist, HTGW or high BMI. Risky waist is stronger predictor of metabolic syndrome (PPV 66 %, NPV 90 %) and thus posesa greater cardiometabolic risk than higher BMI per se does (PPV 42 %, NPV 97 %). The contribution of triglycerides (i.e. HTGW) to these predictive values is marginal (PPV 66 %, NPV 92 %). The present results highlight the superior role of waist circumference as a screening tool over BMI for the evaluation of cardiometabolic risk in dyslipidemic subjects. HTGW brings little additional benefit in risk stratification. Lower BMI proved to be optimal for identifying the subjects with inferior risk.

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Progression of Metabolic Syndrome Components along with Depression Symptoms and High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: The Bogalusa Heart Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18095010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 5010

Author(s):

Azad R. Bhuiyan ◽

Marinelle Payton ◽

Amal K. Mitra ◽

Sophia S. Leggett ◽

Jihua Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Young Adults ◽

Central Obesity ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Mediator Role ◽

Hs Crp

This study examined the association between depression symptoms and metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components prospectively. It assessed the mediator role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Self-reported depression symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale. MetS was defined as having at least three of the following five criteria: (1) waist circumference >102 centimeters (cm) in men or >88 cm in women; (2) triglycerides ≥ 50 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL); (3) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women; (4) blood pressure: systolic ≥ 30 and diastolic ≥85 mm of mercury or on antihypertensive medication; and (5) fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL. The risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using multivariate Poisson regression models. A total of 419 White and 180 Black individuals with a mean age of 36 years were followed for 6.9 years. The findings demonstrated that hs-CRP mediated the influence of depression symptoms on central obesity in White young adults. The adjusted RR for central obesity was 1.08 with 95% CI of 0.88–1.32, and the value for hs-CRP was 1.12 with 95% CI of 1.02–1.23. Although depression did not influence MetS in this study cohort, the complete mediator role of hs-CRP was established for central obesity, a component of MetS in White young adults.

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