Penentuan Keserataan Tanah Sawah Melalui Alat Pengukur Kedalaman Air

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Fakhrul Zaman Omar ◽  
Ayob Abdul Hamid ◽  
Mohd Akmal Mhd Yusoff ◽  
Mohamad Hafiz Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Grid Point ◽  
Base Plate ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Hand Tool ◽  
Land Leveling ◽  
The Status

Land levelling is important to obtain a high yield because it can affect the germinantion and growth of rice plants. In addition, the water requirement with certain level at each stage should be treated with care to maximize the rice production. Currently the farmers use their naked eye to measure the land leveling and the result is not accurate. Therefore, a tool to measure the level of water depth and determine the status of land levelling in the fields is required. Status of land levelling is determined using water depth data obtained. The tool consists of several components such as base plate, mainframe, microcontrollers, sensors, GPS, screen display and data logger. By using 10m x 10m grid point method, the data obtained is to be generated into a levelness mapping. Therefore, the levelness map generated from this hand tool can be used to detect uneven land and aids the levelling work.

scholarly journals Analysis of power requirement of a small-sized tracked-tractor during agricultural field operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 924 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
M Ali ◽  
M N Islam ◽  
M N Reza ◽  
J G Hong ◽  
M A Gulandaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Wireless Data ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Land Leveling ◽  
Female Farmers ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Data Acquisition Module

Abstract A low-powered and high-efficiency electric tracked-tractor would be a suitable option for aged and female farmers to accomplish agricultural field operations such as grass mowing, land leveling, and chemical spraying. The purpose of the study was to analyze the power requirement of a small-sized tracked-tractor during agricultural field operations. A lawnmower and a rear sprayer-trailer were attached to the tractor base, and the average power requirement was measured. The forward speed was considered during the field experiment up to 6 km/h for four different operating stages. The torque data were obtained for unloaded and loaded conditions through a wireless data logger, and a GPS receiver was used to measure the working speed of the tractor. A data acquisition module was used to acquire the sensor signals. The average power requirements for the empty platform with the driver, a lawnmower, a sprayer-trailer (150-L payload), and a lawnmower and 150-L payload trailer were 0.93, 1.27, 1.45, and 1.70 kW, respectively. The result showed the lowest power was required for operating only the tractor, and it was about 51.15% of the motor rated power, where the maximum power consumed approximately 85% of the total rated power to operate both of the lawnmower and sprayer-trailer. The average power requirements of the tracked tractor varied due to the different payloads and operating stages. The experimental results presented in this study would provide guidelines to improve and commercialize the prototype of the small-scaled tracked-tractor for practical use on the agricultural fields.

scholarly journals COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF THINNING METHODS FOR MULTI-BEAM SOUNDING DATA

2020 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W10 ◽  
pp. 807-813
Author(s):  
R. J. Wang ◽  
C. P. Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Topographic Survey ◽  
Data Thinning ◽  
Topography Model ◽  
Elevation Difference

Abstract. Marine surveying and mapping is the basis of all marine development activities, and underwater topographic survey is one of the essential tasks of it. The multi-beam sounding system can give dozens or even hundreds of water depth values in the vertical plane perpendicular to the course at a time, and there is a lot of redundancy in these data. Efficient compression can make better use of water depth data, improve work efficiency, save system hardware resources, and facilitate rapid mapping and the construction of submarine topography model. Thinning requires an optimal balance between data accuracy and sampling density. In this paper, several commonly used thinning methods are selected and applied to the sounding data for experiments, and the application effects of different thinning methods are analyzed and compared. The results show that the mesh-based and system-based thinning methods are simple and efficient, and the results are more evenly distributed. It works well in areas with flat topography and low complexity. But in the area with large relief, the result of thinning may not take into account the topographical features, and the effect of topography representation is poor. The thinning method based on distance and elevation difference takes the elevation factor into account and has a better performance in preserving topography features. However, this method needs to search the points in a given range constantly, and it is inefficient to apply it to large amounts of data. The thinning method based on the Douglas-Peucker algorithm only considers the spatial relationship within each ping data, and the thinning result is not reasonable enough. This paper can provide reference for sounding data thinning.

The Effect of Sunglint Correction for Estimating Water Depth Using Rationing, Thresholding, and Mean Value Algorithms

Rekayasa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Luhur Moekti Prayogo ◽  
Abdul Basith
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Water Object ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Depth Extraction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shallow Water Depth

Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) is an alternative for obtaining shallow water depth data. The existence of images with various resolutions, the availability of a complete image band can develop the extraction results. This method is based on the principle of the satellite's visible band to estimate water depth. The mapping of shallow water depth is dependent on water conditions, both its brightness and surface. When the sensor senses a water object, the reflected reflection comes from the surface, and some sensors cannot penetrate the water object. The sun's position and the sensor's point of view when sensing it results in interference from the water surface (Sunglint). The sunglint effect on the image can be reduced by performing RGB band correction with NIR Infrared. This study aims to demonstrate the effect of Sunglint's correction on three SDB approaches, namely Thresholding, Rationing, and Mean Value on Worldview 3 imagery in Karimunjawa Islands, Central Java. This study's results indicate that the Sunglint correction on Worldview 3 imagery affects the depth extraction results. The best results are shown by Sunglint's correction using the Thresholding approach (B2-B7), which produces the best correlation with R2 of 0.7364 and (B7-B2) with R2 = 0.7351. Contrastingly, the lowest correlation was generated using the Mean Value ((B2 + B7) / 2) approach without Sunglint's correction with R2 = 0.4015. So this research proves that the Worldview 3 image with Sunglint correction can provide bathymetry data, especially in shallow waters.

Calibrating and validating an inundation model with and without crowdsourced water depths and velocities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Popescu ◽  
Thaine H. Assumpção ◽  
Andreja Jonoski ◽  
Dimitri P. Solomatine
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Velocity Data ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Influence Model ◽  
Crowdsourced Data ◽  
Inundation Modelling ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Water Depths ◽  
Inundation Model ◽  
Good Calibration

<p>Remote sensing and crowdsourcing data are new sensing methods that have the potential to improve significantly inundation modelling. That is especially true in data-scarce situations, for example when resources for acquiring sufficient traditional data are limited or when field conditions are not favourable. Crowdsourced water depths and velocities have been demonstrated to be useful for improving inundation models, ranging from the calibration of 1D models to data assimilation in 2D models. In this study, we aim to further evaluate how much the amount and type of crowdsourced data influence model calibration and validation, in comparison with data from traditional measurements. Further, we aim to assess the effects of combining both sources. For that, we developed a 2D inundation model of the Sontea-Fortuna area, a part of the Danube Delta in Romania. This is a wetland area, where data was collected during two 4-day field campaigns, using boat navigation together with the involved citizens. Citizens obtained thousands of images and videos that were converted into water depth and velocity data, while technicians collected ADCP data. We calibrated and validated the model using different combinations of data (e.g. all water depth data, half water depth and half water velocity). Results indicated that velocity data by themselves did not yield good calibration results, being better used in conjunction with water depths or by combining them into discharge. We also observed that calibration by crowdsourced water depths is comparable to the use of water depths from traditional measurements.</p>

scholarly journals Spatial variability of sugarcane row gaps: measurement and mapping

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Paulo Molin ◽  
João Paulo Soto Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
High Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Good Relation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

ABSTRACT Sugarcane is a very important crop in Brazil, used as food production and biofuel, providing 18% of the total primary energy in the country. An important requirement to high yield is a good uniformity in the sugarcane field, which is impaired due to row gaps that appear since the first year of sugarcane crop caused by planting failures, harvesting damages, machinery traffic, pests, diseases and others. The aim of this study is to develop a system based on a photoelectric sensor to scan the field, georeferencing gaps representing them as a map. A data logger integrates the data from the photoelectric sensors, an encoder and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and measures the distance between plants, defining the gaps. Tests under controlled conditions, using regular obstacles simulating stalks, showed errors between 0.02 and 0.03 m under speeds varying from 1.3 to 3.0 m s-1 and obstacles ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 m of gap. Results of tests performed at sugar cane rows were close to manual measurement. Field tests were performed using sampling plots of 6.0 x 6.0 m (four crop rows) along the area, on newly planted and on ratoon areas, showed a good relation with manual measurements. The raw data provides the length of the individual gaps or its local percentage and the interpolation among punctual gaps produces a map highlighting areas with low and high gap intensity as a useful tool in the sugarcane management for decision making for local or integral replanting.

STERILIZATION PERFORMANCE OF AUTOCLAVE UNITS ON CANNULAR MATERIALS

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 1450037
Author(s):  
Mana Sezdi ◽  
Gamze Yoleri
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
The Status ◽  
Biological Tests ◽  
Biological Performance

Autoclaves are devices that are used for sterilization of medical devices under high pressure and temperatures. As with all medical devices, the correct operation of autoclave units is vital for their performance and for successful sterilization. Thus, they should be tested to investigate their technical performance and biological effects within the studies of hospital quality control. Starting from setting the temperature and the pressure parameters up to taking out the materials from the autoclave after sterilization, all steps of the process need to be revised at these control stages. In this study, biological effects of sterilization were tested on microorganisms placed in cannular materials by using different temperatures and sterilization durations. As for the sterilization unit, a vertical type autoclave was used. The technical parameters of the autoclave during the sterilization process were measured by using a temperature–pressure data logger device. Bacillus subtilis var. niger strain was used to examine the biological performance of the sterilization unit. We performed different experiments by changing the temperature and the duration of the sterilization, and using several sizes of cannular materials. Experiments were made at 100°C, 95°C, 90°C, 85°C, 80°C, 75°C, 70°C and for 1 and 5 min. Additionally, two different cannula type sterile glass pipettes (1 and 10 ml) were used in experiments to compare the status of sterilization for different volumetric materials. Biological and technical results obtained for both test and control parameters were compared. The percent of bacteria reduction (Bacteria reduction% = (Test Number/Control Number) × 100) was calculated for biological tests. Technical tests resulted that the autoclave was not able to provide a stable output for temperatures from 70°C to 100°C, and for durations of 1 and 5 min. However, biological tests showed that the sterilization was achieved for the strain at all test conditions. It was observed that the autoclave provided technical requirements for sterilization even for short sterilization durations and low temperature, as such no microbial growth was observed. In short, the bacteria reduction percent was 100%. It was explained that the reason for biological sterilization at these low parameters is because the autoclave generated higher pressure and higher temperature than the set pressure and temperature values. Consequently, the results of the biological tests were supported by measuring the technical parameters of the autoclave.

scholarly journals Research of Industry 4.0 Awareness: A Case Study of Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-263
Author(s):  
Filiz Ersoz ◽  
Deniz Merdin ◽  
Taner Ersoz
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Case Study Design ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Multiple Case

Abstract Rapid development of technology, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence, has fuelled the concept of Industry 4.0 among all types of businesses across the globe. This has driven sustainable growth for those businesses as well as promoted economic prosperity in the countries where they operate in. In view of this information, it is of absolute importance that the entire business landscape in Turkey avails itself to greater awareness and education about the benefits of embracing a comprehensive Industry 4.0 philosophy. It is also important to shed the light on the problems these businesses may face in transition from the old industrial philosophies to the new philosophy of Industry 4.0. Therefore, the aim of this study is to measure the level of Industry 4.0 awareness among businesses in Turkey. The research also seeks to determine how targeted Industry 4.0 educational programs and policies vary in relation to the demographic characteristics among some business operators in Turkey. A multiple case study design governed this entire research. Thus, views and in-depth data from 32 companies based in Turkey were collected by questionnaire and subsequently analysed in a detailed format. At the end of the study, the findings revealed that Industry 4.0 awareness differed depending on the employees’ levels of education. The researchers also discovered that the status or extent of relationships these companies had with foreign partners abroad has a significant impact on the awareness levels of Industry 4.0.

scholarly journals An overview of Persian Gulf environmental pollutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 03013
Author(s):  
Majid Khazali ◽  
Lobat Taghavi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vulnerable Habitats ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Aquatic environments are among the most vulnerable habitats that affect all Organisms. The Persian Gulf is home to numerous plant and animal species, and the biological safety is at risk due to its numerous human activities. Traffic of numerous oil and commercial vessels in the area, waste water, desalination, proximity of numerous industrial, refinery and petrochemical units to shores and rivers, oil rigs, fishing, and tourism activities are potential hazards to the environment and should lead to severe chemicals and physicals pollution into the Persian Gulf ecosystem. All this while the Persian Gulf is highly vulnerable due to various natural in the reason of such as low water circulation due to isolation, high evaporation, and low water depth. In this article, previous studies on the status of pollutants in the Persian Gulf have been reviewed. Much of the research on Persian Gulf pollution has focused on hydrocarbons and heavy metals. However, according to recent research, the amounts of these pollutants have been lower than the allowed levels. Also, further research into the impacts of plastics and microplastics on the Persian Gulf ecosystem should be undertaken.

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