This panel's center of gravity is Islamic legal theory and doctrine,particularly usul alfiqh. In this mom are many of the West's leadingscholars in this field. This puts me out of step, for my work leads me tostudy fiqh and usul alfiqh chiefly from the viewpoint of their application,an approach that is the result of spending several years in SaudiArabia studying the role of fiqh and the ulema in the Islamic legalsystem. I wish to submit, however, that there are a number of doctrinalproblems to which a study of the law's application and practice or, inother words, a study of the legal system, stands to contribute a great deal.The closing of the door of ijtihad, which I intend to discuss, is such anissue.But first let me make some general points to support the generalsuggestion I have just made. In western studies of fiqh, we have oftenomitted, justifiably or not, any consideration of the law's application.Among the valid justifications for doing so is the very vastness of thedoctrinal corpus. Another is that to get basic data on the law's historicalapplication is far more difficult than fvding its black-letter doctrine.Other justifications are more questionable. For one, we have often madecertain assumptions, which-stating them with due exaggeration-holdthat Islamic law, since it became stagnant at an early period, was usuallyignod in practice. As a d t of this, it is often maintained, fiqh retreatedinto the ideal world of scholarship while the application of the lawfell under the sway of arbitrary and despotic rulers. Approaching the lawwith such an impression, however much in the background, scholars ofIslamic law have, not surprisingly, spent little time on its application.This last justification for ignoring the law's application is now, I believe,rapidly eroding due to the efforts of scholars on many differentfronts. Some, notably Professor Hallaq, are at work countering the exaggeratedidea of the "closing of the door of ijtihad," a phrase used to conveythe idea that fiqh became utterly stultified at an early stage. Otherscholars ate examining late Shari'ah court records and legal documents ...