Dynamic Compensation of Spindle Integrated Force Sensors With Kalman Filter

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. Park ◽  
Yusuf Altintas
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
Frequency Bandwidth ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
Signal Processing Method ◽  
Structural Dynamic Model

This paper presents a dynamically compensated Spindle Integrated Force Sensor (SIFS) system to measure cutting forces. Piezo-electric force sensors are integrated into the stationary spindle housing. The structural dynamic model between the cutting forces acting on the tool tip and the measured forces at the spindle housing is identified. The system is first calibrated to compensate the influence of spindle run-out and unbalance at different speeds. Using the cutting force signals measured at the spindle housing, a Kalman Filter is designed to filter the influence of structural modes on the force measurements. The frequency bandwidth of the proposed sensor system is significantly increased with the proposed sensing and the signal processing method.

Dynamic Compensation of Cutting Forces Measured From the Spindle Integrated Force Sensor System

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. Park ◽  
Y. Altintas
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
Frequency Bandwidth ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
Signal Processing Method ◽  
Structural Dynamic Model ◽  
Sensor Signals

This paper presents a dynamically compensated Spindle Integrated Force Sensor (SIFS) system to measure cutting forces. Piezo-electric force sensors are integrated to the stationary spindle housing. The structural dynamic model between the cutting forces acting on the tool tip and the measured forces at the spindle housing is identified. The system is first calibrated to compensate the influence of spindle run-out and unbalance at different speeds. Using both the cutting force and acceleration sensor signals measured at the spindle housing, a Kalman Filter is designed to filter the influence of structural modes on the force measurements. The frequency bandwidth of the proposed sensor system is expanded from 300 Hz to about 800 Hz with the proposed sensing and the signal processing method.

Adaptive Control and Monitoring Using the Spindle Integrated Force Sensor System

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. Park ◽  
Yusuf Altintas
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Tool Breakage ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Surface Finishes ◽  
Machining Productivity

Applications of spindle integrated force sensors are examined where the cutting forces are reconstructed from the piezoelectric force sensors that are imbedded in the spindle housing. The reconstruction of the cutting forces using the disturbance Kalman filter effectively provides the high bandwidth sensor requirements. The three applications that are presented in this paper are Adaptive Control with Constraint (ACC), chatter detection, and tool breakage detection, all using the spindle integrated sensors. ACC provides effective means of increasing machining productivity through the adjustment of feed rates by constraining cutting forces. The detection of chatter vibration in machining operations is important in order to ensure quality surface finishes. The cutting forces measured from the spindle sensors provide sufficient information as to whether the cutting operations are stable or not. Tool breakage detection is performed using both a good tool and a damaged tool. Two residual indices based on the first order auto-regressive (AR) filter are examined to determine tool breakage. The experiments verify the successful monitoring strategies using the spindle integrated force sensors.

Expanding the Horizons of Wireless Sensing

2022 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Agrim Gupta ◽  
Cédric Girerd ◽  
Manideep Dunna ◽  
Qiming Zhang ◽  
Raghav Subbaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Sensor ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Tissue Phantom ◽  
Ubiquitous Sensing ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Communication Paradigm ◽  
Critical Requirement

All interactions of objects, humans, and machines with the physical world are via contact forces. For instance, objects placed on a table exert their gravitational forces, and the contact interactions via our hands/feet are guided by the sense of contact force felt by our skin. Thus, the ability to sense the contact forces can allow us to measure all these ubiquitous interactions, enabling a myriad of applications. Furthermore, force sensors are a critical requirement for safer surgeries, which require measuring complex contact forces experienced as a surgical instrument interacts with the surrounding tissues during the surgical procedure. However, with currently available discrete point-force sensors, which require a battery to sense the forces and communicate the readings wirelessly, these ubiquitous sensing and surgical sensing applications are not practical. This motivates the development of new force sensors that can sense, and communicate wirelessly without consuming significant power to enable a battery-free design. In this magazine article, we present WiForce, a low-power wireless force sensor utilizing a joint sensing-communication paradigm. That is, instead of having separate sensing and communication blocks, WiForce directly transduces the force measurements onto variations in wireless signals reflecting WiForce from the sensor. This novel trans-duction mechanism also allows WiForce to generalize easily to a length continuum, where we can detect as well as localize forces acting on the continuum. We fabricate and test our sensor prototype in different scenarios, including testing beneath a tissue phantom, and obtain sub-N sensing and sub-mm localizing accuracies (0.34 N and 0.6 mm, respectively).

scholarly journals Impact of thermal frequency drift on highest precision force microscopy using quartz-based force sensors at low temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Pielmeier ◽  
Daniel Meuer ◽  
Daniel Schmid ◽  
Christoph Strunk ◽  
Franz J Giessibl
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Stability

In frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) the stability of the eigenfrequency of the force sensor is of key importance for highest precision force measurements. Here, we study the influence of temperature changes on the resonance frequency of force sensors made of quartz, in a temperature range from 4.8–48 K. The sensors are based on the qPlus and length extensional principle. The frequency variation with temperature T for all sensors is negative up to 30 K and on the order of 1 ppm/K, up to 13 K, where a distinct kink appears, it is linear. Furthermore, we characterize a new type of miniaturized qPlus sensor and confirm the theoretically predicted reduction in detector noise.

scholarly journals Dynamic force measurements on swimming Chlamydomonas cells using micropipette force sensors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (162) ◽  
pp. 20190580
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Böddeker ◽  
Stefan Karpitschka ◽  
Christian T. Kreis ◽  
Quentin Magdelaine ◽  
Oliver Bäumchen
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Liquid Environment ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Force Calibration

Flagella and cilia are cellular appendages that inherit essential functions of microbial life including sensing and navigating the environment. In order to propel a swimming microorganism they displace the surrounding fluid by means of periodic motions, while precisely timed modulations of their beating patterns enable the cell to steer towards or away from specific locations. Characterizing the dynamic forces, however, is challenging and typically relies on indirect experimental approaches. Here, we present direct in vivo measurements of the dynamic forces of motile Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells in controlled environments. The experiments are based on partially aspirating a living microorganism at the tip of a micropipette force sensor and optically recording the micropipette’s position fluctuations with high temporal and sub-pixel spatial resolution. Spectral signal analysis allows for isolating the cell-generated dynamic forces caused by the periodic motion of the flagella from background noise. We provide an analytic, elasto-hydrodynamic model for the micropipette force sensor and describe how to obtain the micropipette’s full frequency response function from a dynamic force calibration. Using this approach, we measure the amplitude of the oscillatory forces during the swimming activity of individual Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells of 26 ± 5 pN, resulting from the coordinated flagellar beating with a frequency of 49 ± 5 Hz. This dynamic micropipette force sensor technique generalizes the applicability of micropipettes as force sensors from static to dynamic force measurements, yielding a force sensitivity in the piconewton range. In addition to measurements in bulk liquid environment, we study the dynamic forces of the biflagellated microswimmer in the vicinity of a solid/liquid interface. As we gradually decrease the distance of the swimming microbe to the interface, we measure a significantly enhanced force transduction at distances larger than the maximum extent of the beating flagella, highlighting the importance of hydrodynamic interactions for scenarios in which flagellated microorganisms encounter surfaces.

Identification of Spindle Integrated Force Sensor’s Transfer Function for Modular End Mills

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. Park
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Frequency Bandwidth ◽  
End Mill ◽  
Force System ◽  
End Mills ◽  
Proven Method

A spindle integrated cutting force system where piezoelectric force sensors are embedded in the spindle housing is studied. The transfer function between the force experienced at the end mill and measured at the spindle integrated force sensor varies depending on the tool length sticking out. In the paper, a method is proposed to predict the transfer function of the overall system by coupling the receptances of the analytically modeled end mill and experimentally measured spindle structures. The experimentally proven method allows for the automated calibration of the spindle integrated force system whenever a tool change occurs to accurately measure high-frequency bandwidth cutting forces.

Research on PVDF Micro-Force Sensor

2014 ◽  
Vol 599-601 ◽  
pp. 1135-1138
Author(s):  
Chao Zhe Ma ◽  
Jin Song Du ◽  
Yi Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Power Dissipation ◽  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Pvdf Film ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Low Power Dissipation ◽  
Micro Force Sensor ◽  
Processing Circuit

At present, sub-micro-Newton (sub-μN) micro-force in micro-assembly and micro-manipulation is not able to be measured reliably. The piezoelectric micro-force sensors offer a lot of advantages for MEMS applications such as low power dissipation, high sensitivity, and easily integrated with piezoelectric micro-actuators. In spite of many advantages above, the research efforts are relatively limited compared to piezoresistive micro-force sensors. In this paper, Sensitive component is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and the research object is micro-force sensor based on PVDF film. Moreover, the model of micro-force and sensor’s output voltage is built up, signal processing circuit is designed, and a novel calibration method of micro-force sensor is designed to reliably measure force in the range of sub-μN. The experimental results show the PVDF sensor is designed in this paper with sub-μN resolution.

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