Risk-Based Inspection Analysis for High-Pressure Hydrogenation Cracking Unit

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ping Zhao
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Inspection Plan ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Quantitative Analysis Method ◽  
Risk Situation ◽  
Risk Grade

The high-pressure hydrogenation cracking unit is the core equipment system in the aromatic hydrocarbon factory, which is subjected simultaneously to the action of hydrogen, high pressure, and high temperature. In this paper, quantitative analysis method of risk-based inspection (RBI) was carried out with a commercially available RBI software. In API 581, the risk situation for each type of equipment in the system was classified into four grades: low-risk grade, medium-risk grade, medium-high-risk grade, and high grade. This is expressed as a risk matrix. The entire risk distribution of 553 equipment and/or piping items of the systems that compose the unit was obtained. The hydrocracking reactors and the reactor effluent air coolers are in the “medium-high-risk” category. Based on the RBI results, an optimum inspection plan was developed by the author to reduce the risk level for the hydrogenation cracking unit. Upon validation of the inspection activity in 2004, it is concluded that the optimum inspection plan was in compliance with the engineering specification of the aromatic hydrocarbon factory.

Risk-Based Inspection Analysis for High Pressure Hydrogenation Cracking Unit

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ping Zhao
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Aromatic Plant ◽  
Inspection Plan ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Quantitative Analysis Method ◽  
Equipment Unit ◽  
Risk Situation ◽  
Risk Grade

High pressure hydrogenation cracking unit is the core equipment system in the aromatic plant, which is subjected simultaneously to the action of hydrogen and high pressure and high temperature. In this paper, quantitative analysis method of RBI was carried out by Orbit-Onshore software, which was developed by DNV corporation. In API 581, the risk situation for a certain equipment unit were classified into four grades, such as low risk grade and medium risk grade and medium-high risk grade and high grade, which is expressed as risk matrix. The whole risk distribution of 553 equipment and piping items was obtained, and in which the hydrocracking reactors and the reactor effluent air coolers are belong to ‘medium-high risk’ grade. Based on the RBI results, an optimum inspection plan was developed by the author to reduce the risk level for the hydrogenation cracking unit. It is concluded that the optimum inspection plan was completely satisfied with the engineering specification of the aromatic plant, after the validation of the inspection activity in 2004.

scholarly journals Prospective validation of the RAPID clinical risk prediction score in adult patients with pleural infection: the PILOT study

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 2000130 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Corcoran ◽  
Ioannis Psallidas ◽  
Stephen Gerry ◽  
Francesco Piccolo ◽  
Coenraad F. Koegelenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Prediction Score ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Pleural Infection

BackgroundOver 30% of adult patients with pleural infection either die and/or require surgery. There is no robust means of predicting at baseline presentation which patients will suffer a poor clinical outcome. A validated risk prediction score would allow early identification of high-risk patients, potentially directing more aggressive treatment thereafter.ObjectivesTo prospectively assess a previously described risk score (the RAPID (Renal (urea), Age, fluid Purulence, Infection source, Dietary (albumin)) score) in adults with pleural infection.MethodsProspective observational cohort study that recruited patients undergoing treatment for pleural infection. RAPID score and risk category were calculated at baseline presentation. The primary outcome was mortality at 3 months; secondary outcomes were mortality at 12 months, length of hospital stay, need for thoracic surgery, failure of medical treatment and lung function at 3 months.ResultsMortality data were available in 542 out of 546 patients recruited (99.3%). Overall mortality was 10% at 3 months (54 out of 542) and 19% at 12 months (102 out of 542). The RAPID risk category predicted mortality at 3 months. Low-risk mortality (RAPID score 0–2): five out of 222 (2.3%, 95% CI 0.9 to 5.7%); medium-risk mortality (RAPID score 3–4): 21 out of 228 (9.2%, 95% CI 6.0 to 13.7%); and high-risk mortality (RAPID score 5–7): 27 out of 92 (29.3%, 95% CI 21.0 to 39.2%). C-statistics for the scores at 3 months and 12 months were 0.78 (95% CI 0.71–0.83) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.72–0.82), respectively.ConclusionsThe RAPID score stratifies adults with pleural infection according to increasing risk of mortality and should inform future research directed at improving outcomes in this patient population.

Tsunami Risk Analysis with Run-up Variation Scenario Based on Modeling of Geographic Information System on Sibolga City North Sumatera

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.13) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ridha Syafii Damanik ◽  
Ali Nurman ◽  
R Restu ◽  
Nurmala Berutu ◽  
. .
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
High Risk Area ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Inundation Area ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Run Up

This study aims to analyse the tsunami risk level based on scenarios of tsunami run-up variation in the coastline of Sibolga City. The input data on the model are a surface roughness map obtained from quick bird satellite imagery interpretation, slope map obtained from Indonesian Earth Map and run-up variation scenario with height 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 meters. Tsunami risk level modelling was prepared using inundation height variables and land use vulnerability. The relationship between run-up height and tsunami risk level was analysed using simple linear regression. The total area of inundation was obtained based on the order of run-up variation by 1,35 km2, 1,92 km2, 2,47 km2, 3,27 km2, and 4,15 km2 while the area of high-risk category based on the order of run-up variation by 0,41 km2, 0,77 km2, 1,08 km2, 1,46 km2, and 1,95 km2. The result of linear regression between the run-up height and the width of the inundation area showed a positive correlation. Each 1-meter elevation of run-up will expand the inundation area by 0,14 km2. High run-up variables with high-risk areas also have a positive correlation. Each 1-meter of run-up will expand high-risk area at 0,75 km2.  

scholarly journals A Predictive Model and Risk Factors for Case Fatality of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Melchor Álvarez-Mon ◽  
Miguel A. Ortega ◽  
Óscar Gasulla ◽  
Jordi Fortuny-Profitós ◽  
Ferran A. Mazaira-Font ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Patient Variables

This study aimed to create an individualized analysis model of the risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients as a tool for the rapid clinical management of hospitalized patients in order to achieve a resilience of medical resources. This is an observational, analytical, retrospective cohort study with longitudinal follow-up. Data were collected from the medical records of 3489 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 using RT-qPCR in the period of highest community transmission recorded in Europe to date: February–June 2020. The study was carried out in in two health areas of hospital care in the Madrid region: the central area of the Madrid capital (Hospitales de Madrid del Grupo HM Hospitales (CH-HM), n = 1931) and the metropolitan area of Madrid (Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias (MH-HUPA) n = 1558). By using a regression model, we observed how the different patient variables had unequal importance. Among all the analyzed variables, basal oxygen saturation was found to have the highest relative importance with a value of 20.3%, followed by age (17.7%), lymphocyte/leukocyte ratio (14.4%), CRP value (12.5%), comorbidities (12.5%), and leukocyte count (8.9%). Three levels of risk of ICU/death were established: low-risk level (<5%), medium-risk level (5–20%), and high-risk level (>20%). At the high-risk level, 13% needed ICU admission, 29% died, and 37% had an ICU–death outcome. This predictive model allowed us to individualize the risk for worse outcome for hospitalized patients affected by COVID-19.

scholarly journals The human-elephant conflict: mapping the elephant area and the level of conflict vulnerability in the Mila Landscape, Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia

2022 ◽  
Vol 956 (1) ◽  
pp. 012008
Author(s):  
R Rachmawaty ◽  
A Abdullah ◽  
K Khairil ◽  
D Syafrianti ◽  
A M Daud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Human Conflict ◽  
Conflict Risk ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Level Of Risk

Abstract Elephants are designated as endangered animals because their population in the wild continues to decline. One of the causes of its extinction is the threat of conflict between elephants and humans. The conflict between Sumatran elephants and humans in Aceh continues to increase every year, but there is no resolution to this conflict. This study was aimed to analyse the level of risk of elephant-human conflict in the Mila area and map the conflict areas. The method used was the observation method with the purposive sampling technique. The data was analysed using the disaster risk formula. The results of the analysis of the risk level of elephant-human conflict in Mila District showed that the high-risk level was in Tuha Lala Village (35.24%), Babah Jurong Village (35.22%) and Kumbang Village (35.04%). The level of risk was moderate in Krueng Lala Village (27.64%), Andeue Mosque Village (30.38%) and Dayah Andeue Village (33.38%). Meanwhile, areas with a low-risk level were Kulu Village (21.65%) and Dayah Sinthop Village (20.32%). The mapping of conflict risk areas was coloured red for high risk, yellow for medium risk and green for low risk. The conclusion in this study is that Tula Lala Village, Babah Jurong Village and Kumbang Village are areas with high conflict marked in red. Krueng Lala Village, Andeu Mosque Village and Andeue Dayah Village are areas with moderate conflict which are marked in yellow. Meanwhile, Kulu Village and Dayah Sinthop Village are areas with low conflict marked in green.

scholarly journals Musculoskeletal disorder risk level evaluation of posterior maxillary tooth extraction procedures

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Anggy Prayudha ◽  
Roberto M. Simandjuntak ◽  
Ni Putu Mira Sumarta
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Maxillary Tooth ◽  
Medium Risk

Background: The professional activity of dentists involves a relatively small treatment area, namely; the oral cavity. Dental treatment requires a high level of precision with the result that dentists frequently perform their duties in a physically uncomfortable position over a relatively extended period of time. Tooth extraction is the most common form of treatment performed in a standing position, with extraction of the posterior maxillary tooth being the most challenging. 80 per cent of students and dentists working in the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Indonesia present musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Purpose: To evaluate the level of MSD risk of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic students at the Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital following posterior maxillary tooth extraction. Methods: The evaluation of MSD risk level was performed over a period of three months on 73 subjects who had experienced posterior maxillary tooth extraction, categorized as extraction under anaesthesia, extraction involving the use of an elevator and extraction using forceps. Evaluation was conducted by two observers by means of CCTV video footage using a Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) worksheet. Results: Under anaesthetic sedation, 67.12% experienced medium risk, 31.51% high risk, and 1.37% low risk. During extraction using an elevator, 58.90% experienced high risk, 35.62% medium risk and 5.48% extremely high risk. During extraction using forceps, 57.53% ran medium risk, 39.73% high risk, and 2.74% extremely high risk. Conclusion: Students who performed posterior maxillary tooth extraction could be categorized as running a high risk of MSD during extraction using an elevator, but medium risk when administering anaesthesia and performing extraction with forceps.

scholarly journals 1251 Risk Stratification in the Management of Post-Tonsillectomy Haemorrhage

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Holden ◽  
G Wilson ◽  
M Daniel ◽  
R Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
High Risk Category ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
First Time ◽  
Risk Categories ◽  
Local Guideline

Abstract Aim Tonsillectomy represents 17% of the elective workload in ENT and post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage is the most significant complication of this procedure. Accordingly, the GIRFT (Getting It Right First Time) report for ENT surgery focusses on the prevention of post-tonsillectomy bleeding. However, there is little guidance on the management of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. A local guideline for the management of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage was introduced in 2020 based on expert consensus. This audit examines the management of patients readmitted with post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage in 2019 and compares this to the management suggested in the new guideline. Method Patients readmitted with post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage within 30 days of a tonsillectomy performed in 2019 were identified. These were retrospectively stratified into risk categories according to both patient and clinical factors. Management was audited against the new guideline including both the initial patient assessment and the treatment suggested for their respective risk category. Results Fifteen patients were identified and stratified into low, medium and high-risk categories. All patients in the “low risk” category were successfully treated conservatively. One patient from the “medium risk” category had a further bleed as an inpatient during the proposed period of observation in the new guideline and was thereafter treated as “high risk”. Within the “high risk” category two patients required return to theatre for arrest of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. Conclusions These results show that the risk stratification proposed in these guidelines may be useful in the management of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage. Amendments to the guideline and a re-audit are in progress.

Real-world evidence evaluating the use of an NK-1 antiemetic in the systemic chemotherapy treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e12599-e12599
Author(s):  
Kevin Lord ◽  
Bruce A. Feinberg ◽  
Jonathan Kish ◽  
Jalyna R. Laney ◽  
Dhruv Chopra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Systemic Chemotherapy ◽  
Package Insert ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Individual Agent ◽  
Risk Grade ◽  
Prophylactic Use

e12599 Background: Severe and persistent nausea and vomiting (n/v) impacts quality of life and may lead to treatment discontinuation. While antiemetics assist with minimizing these effects, newer drugs can be expensive and carry their own side effect profile. Prior research has suggested that neurokinin 1 receptor inhibitor(NK-1) antiemetics are overly prescribed. Using the package insert recommendations for aprepitant, an NK-1, we evaluated the frequency of its prophylactic use to prevent emesis in patients receiving systemic chemotherapy(chemo) with moderate to high emetogenic risk. Methods: Patients were identified from a third-party, administrative claims database. Using medical and pharmacy claims, any female with ICD-9/10 codes for both breast cancer and metastases diagnosed between Jan-2013 and Dec-2017, who initiated systemic chemo and received aprepitant prophylactically were selected. Chemo regimen emetogenic potential was scored using the Hesketh scale and aggregated into two cohorts: low risk (grade 1-2 = none- < 30%), and moderate-high risk (grade 3-5: > 30- > 60%). If patients received combination chemo, the assigned risk level was the highest risk of any individual agent. The frequency of NK-1 use for each risk cohort was calculated per line of therapy independent of the previous treatment. Results: 10,342 patients met the selection criteria with 2,868 patients administered moderate-high emetogenic risk chemotherapy regimens. Mean age at initiation of treatment was 61.7 years (SD = 12.12). By line, the aprepitant utilization rate was: 1 line(L) 43% ,2L 27%, 3L 18%, 4L 16%, 5L 11% and 6L 12%. Across all lines of therapy, aprepitant was used prophylactically in 23% of patients treated with high risk chemo regimens and in 2% of patients who had received low risk regimens. Conclusions: Prophylactic use of the NK-1 inhibitor aprepitant was less than 50% in 1L moderate-high emetogenic risk chemotherapy and declined with consecutive lines of treatment. NK-1 use with low risk regimens was minimal. Further research is needed to understand the pattern of use and clinical outcomes between moderate-high emetogenic risk patients who do and don't receive NK-1 antiemetic supportive care.

Patterns of primary therapy for prostate cancer in elderly men: Analysis of data from CaPSURE

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4577-4577
Author(s):  
B. Konety ◽  
J. Cowan ◽  
J. Duchane ◽  
P. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Co Morbidity

4577 Background: It is generally acknowledged that men who are most likely to derive benefit from therapy for prostate cancer are those with a life expectancy of greater than 10 years. We examined the patterns of primary treatment for prostate cancer in men ≥75 years of age who would have a life expectancy of approximately 10 years. Methods: We examined data from the multi-institutional CaPSURE database on type of primary therapy received for prostate cancer in men < and ≥75 years. Primary therapy was defined as watchful waiting (WW), radical prostatectomy (RP), brachytherapy (BT), BT plus external beam radiotherapy (BT+EBRT), EBRT or primary androgen deprivation therapy (PADT). Chi square tests and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed to identify predictors of type of primary therapy. Results: The median age of the entire population (n = 10,764) was 67 years and 18% of the dataset were patients ≥75 years. A greater proportion of patients ≥75 years were white, single, had multiple co-morbidities, had low income and low education levels and were classified as high risk (43% vs. 25%) compared to those <75 years. Men ≥75 years were more likely to have received EBRT, PADT or WW (all p < .01). In a multivariate analysis adjusted for socio-demographic factors, diagnostic risk category, and number of co-morbidities at diagnosis, patients ≥75 years were less likely to be managed with primary therapy than with WW regardless of risk category or level of co-morbidity: BT (OR 0.21, 95%CI 0.15–0.31), BT/EBRT (OR 0.21, 95%CI 0.16–0.28), EBRT (OR 0.29, 95%CI 0.22–0.37), PADT (OR 0.64, 95%CI 0.51–0.81), and RP (OR 0.01, 95%CI 0.01–0.02). Conclusions: Older patients are far more likely to received WW as primary therapy regardless of burden of co-morbidity or risk level of primary cancer. A more tailored approach to prostate cancer therapy taking into account co-morbidity and functional level to decide primary therapy may be more appropriate in elderly men. Well selected older patients with high risk disease, particularly those with low co-morbidity levels, may derive survival benefit from primary therapy other than WW. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Gas Condensates Export Pipelines by Indexing Method (Case Study: Special Economic Energy Zone of South Pars-Assaluyeh)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Amin Zargari Kolaei ◽  
Mahnaz Nasrabadi ◽  
Saeid Givehchi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Potential Risks

Due to the sensitivity and vital and undeniable role of gas energy in the energy basket of the country, especially in economy, evaluation of risk assessment studies on the designing and exploiting of this massive and extensive industry including oil and gas pipelines seems to be very necessary. Generally, risk assessment is process of the determining the risk quantity and quality by analyzing potential risks in the project which will be done by taking into account the sensitivity or vulnerability of the surrounding environment. kent Muhlbauer’s method based on relative scoring of parameters that are involved in risks creation deals with the risk assessment. In order to establishment this system for risk assessment of statistical data collection, due to the failure of Iranian oil and gas pipelines, experts and scholars’ experiences as a field project (South Pars gas condensate export pipeline) were collected. According to the existing conditions and availability of information sources in the Iranian oil and gas industry, finally, these data as safety risk assessment criteria of pipelines were processed in a graph and scoring was conducted based on the relative weighting of risk starter elements in the pipeline. according to the obtained scores and the relative risk of different areas of pipeline by considering km scale of areas, it was identified that 16% of the total pipeline had very high risk level, 34% of the total pipeline had high risk level, 34% of the total pipeline had medium risk level and 16% of the pipeline had low risk level.

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