Storage Tanks Under Earthquake Loading

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 261-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz G. Rammerstorfer ◽  
Knut Scharf ◽  
Franz D. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Strongly Nonlinear ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Design ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interaction Problem

This is a state-of-the-art review of various treatments of earthquake loaded liquid filled shells by the methods of earthquake engineering, fluid dynamics, structural and soil dynamics, as well as the theory of stability and computational mechanics. Different types of tanks and different possibilities of tank failure will be discussed. We will emphasize cylindrical above-ground liquid storage tanks with a vertical axis. But many of the treatments are also valid for other tank configurations. For the calculation of the dynamically activated pressure due to an earthquake a fluid-structure-soil interaction problem must be solved. The review will describe the methods, proposed by different authors, to solve this interaction problem. To study the dynamic behavior of liquid storage tanks, one must distinguish between anchored and unanchored tanks. In the case of an anchored tank, the tank bottom edge is fixed to the foundation. If the tank is unanchored, partial lifting of the tank’s bottom may occur, and a strongly nonlinear problem has to be solved. We will compare the various analytical and numerical models applicable to this problem, in combination with experimental data. An essential aim of this review is to give a summary of methods applicable as tools for an earthquake resistant design, which can be used by an engineer engaged in the construction of liquid storage tanks.

SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL LIQUID STORAGE TANKS

1981 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Vitelmo Bertero
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Seismic Resistant ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

This is a paper that summarizes the state of the practice and state of the art in the prediction of seismic behavior of cylindrical liquid storage tanks. It can be divided into five parts. In the first part the seismic performance of these types of tanks during recent   earthquakes is brielfly reviewed. From this review it becomes evident that a large percentage of these tanks have failed or suffered severe damages. The different types of failure are classified into several categories. The second part of the paper discusses the desing of some of the thank that suffered damages andthe state of the practice is summarized by reviewing present seismic code desing provisions. Thirdly, the soundness of these code provisions is analyzed in view of the state of thank.  Results obtained in recent theoretical and experimental investigations of such behavior are summarized and implications regarding needed improvement in seismic desing are assessed. Results from analyses of an existing  thank using different methods are presented and compared. An improved procedure for the practical seismic resistant desing of these thanks is outlined in the fourth part of the paper. A series of practical desing rules which provide extra margins of safety are offered and the extra cost required is discussed. Finally, recommendations for future research to improve the desing and construction of this type of liquid storage thanks are formuated.

scholarly journals Seismic Response of Large span slab in Horizontal Setback Building

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1353-1360
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Structural Elements ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Flat Slab ◽  
Large Span ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Design ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Waffle Slab ◽  
Earthquake Zone ◽  
Structural Engineers

Abstract: The demand for multi-storey buildings is increasing day by day. Residential plus commercial building is mainly used for wide span needs. Wide span required for Flat slab, Waffle slab and ribbed slab stands An excellent option for architects when larger openings in a building need to be covered with as few columns as possible. The use of different types of plates is developing as a new trend and is becoming a major challenge for structural engineers. Therefore, it is necessary to study about its structural behavior. The project is carried out under earthquake zone III under the earthquake analysis of G+9 storey building. For this study, four different types of large span slab structure are modelled in C-shape (Horizontal Setback Building) having 10-stories i.e. G+9 storied buildings with 3.50 meters height for each story is modelled and analysed. The plan area of all four buildings is same i.e. 2859 square meters (49.50 m x 82.50 m) each. These buildings were designed in compliance with the Indian Code of Practices for earthquake resistant design of buildings. Base of the building were fixed. The square sections are used for structural elements. The height of the buildings is considered constant throughout the structure. The buildings are modelled using ETABSvr.2016. Keywords: large span slab, ETABSvr.2016, Horizontal Setback Building, Flat slab, Waffle slab and ribbed slab

Comparison between standards for seismic design of liquid storage tanks with respect to soil-foundation-structure interaction and uplift

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ormeño ◽  
Tam Larkin ◽  
Nawawi Chouw
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Base Shear ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Soil Foundation ◽  
Foundation Structure

Field evidence has established that strong earthquakes can cause severe damage or even collapse of liquid storage tanks. Many tanks worldwide are built near the coast on soft soils of marginal quality. Because of the difference in stiffness between the tank (rigid), foundation (rigid) and the soil (flexible), soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI) has an important effect on the seismic response, often causing an elongation of the period of the impulsive mode. This elongation is likely to produce a significant change in the seismic response of the tank and will affect the loading on the structure. An issue not well understood, in the case of unanchored tanks, is uplift of the tank base that usually occurs under anything more than moderate dynamic loading. This paper presents a comparison of the loads obtained using “Appendix E of API STANDARD 650” of the American Petroleum Institute and the “Seismic Design of Storage Tanks” produced by the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. The seismic response assessed using both codes is presented for a range of tanks incorporating a range of the most relevant parameters in design. The results obtained from the analyses showed that both standards provide similar base shear and overturning moment; however, the results given for the anchorage requirement and uplift are different.

scholarly journals Performance Criteria for Liquid Storage Tanks and Piping Systems Subjected to Seismic Loading

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vathi ◽  
Spyros A. Karamanos ◽  
Ioannis A. Kapogiannis ◽  
Konstantinos V. Spiliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Piping Systems

In this paper, performance criteria for the seismic design of industrial liquid storage tanks and piping systems are proposed, aimed at introducing those industrial components into a performance-based design (PBD) framework. Considering “loss of containment” as the ultimate damage state, the proposed limit states are quantified in terms of local quantities obtained from a simple and efficient earthquake analysis. Liquid storage tanks and the corresponding principal failure modes (elephant's foot buckling, roof damage, base plate failure, anchorage failure, and nozzle damage) are examined first. Subsequently, limit states for piping systems are presented in terms of local strain at specific piping components (elbows, Tees, and nozzles) against ultimate strain capacity (tensile and compressive) and low-cycle fatigue. Modeling issues for liquid storage tanks and piping systems are also discussed, compared successfully with available experimental data, and simple and efficient analysis tools are proposed, toward reliable estimates of local strain demand. Using the above reliable numerical models, the proposed damage states are examined in two case studies: (a) a liquid storage tank and (b) a piping system, both located in areas of high seismicity.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of Earthquake Resistant Building (Three Storeyed R.C.C. School Building) using STAAD.PRO

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 2846-2850
Author(s):  
Ms. Sayali Ambatkar
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Structural Member ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
School Building ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Seismic Safety ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Design ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

The field of Earthquake Engineering has existed in our country for over 35 years now. Indian earthquake engineers have made significant contributions to the seismic safety of several important structures in the country. However, as the recent earthquakes have shown, the performance of normal structures during past Indian earthquakes has been less satisfactory. This is mainly due to the lack of awareness amongst most practising engineers of the special provisions that need to be followed in earthquake resistant design and thereafter in construction. In India, the multi-storied building is constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally proposed asymmetrical plan configuration. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can be generate the most destructive forces on structure. Buildings should be made Safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural member in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basic Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This paper studies the Earthquake Resisting Building.

A Short Note for Dr. Omote’s Review in 1973

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
Tsuneo Katayama ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Design ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Earthquake Design ◽  
Ultimate Purpose

In the preceding article, I have reviewed from my very personal point of view the changes in earthquake disaster mitigation and earthquake engineering issues which took place mainly in the last quarter of the 20 th century in Japan, with a strong emphasis on the influences of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Having read the review by Dr. Omote published in 1973, I was impressed by his comprehensive understanding of the issue which appears fresh even today. He covers from topics on seismology to earthquake design methods which were available and most advanced at that time. His understanding on the general principles of earthquake resistant design was very sound when he wrote, “The ultimate purpose of antiseismic design and construction of structures is to protect human lives. But, such structures may become too expensive from the practical point of view.” He stresses then, “Firstly, try to protect human lives from earthquake destruction, secondly, construct structures strong enough not to be damaged by destructive earthquakes, and thirdly, never let structures severely collapse even though some damage may be allowed for extremely strong motions.” If these principles had been observed by engineers concerned, we would not have experienced such a disaster in Kobe in 1995. Tsuneo Katayama Professor, Tokyo Denki University

scholarly journals Performance Criteria for Liquid Storage Tanks and Piping Systems Subjected to Seismic Loading

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vathi ◽  
Spyros A. Karamanos ◽  
Ioannis A. Kapogiannis ◽  
Konstantinos V. Spiliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Piping Systems

In this paper, performance criteria for the seismic design of industrial liquid storage tanks and piping systems are proposed, aimed at defining a performance-based design framework towards reliable development of fragility curves and assessment of seismic risk. Considering “loss of containment” as the ultimate damage state, the proposed performance limits are quantified in terms of local quantities obtained from a simple and efficient earthquake analysis. Liquid storage tanks and the corresponding principal failure modes (elephant’s foot buckling, roof damage, base plate failure, anchorage failure and nozzle damage) are examined first. Subsequently, performance limits for piping systems are presented in terms of local strain at specific piping components (elbows, Tees and nozzles), against ultimate strain capacity (tensile and compressive) and low-cycle fatigue. Modeling issues for liquid storage tanks and piping systems are also discussed, for an efficient analysis that provides reliable estimates of local strain demand. These models are compared successfully with available experimental data. Using those reliable numerical models, the proposed performance limits are applied in two case studies: (a) a liquid storage tank and (b) a piping system, both located in areas of high seismicity.

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