Performance Analysis of a Variable Speed-Ratio Metal V-Belt Drive

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Scheme ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Belt Drive ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Change Effect ◽  
Multiple Band ◽  
Ratio Change ◽  
Metal Block

A model of the metal V-belt drive (MBD), considering its detailed multiple-band and metal-block structure, and the ratio-change effect during its operation, is constructed and analyzed. A computational scheme is devised that adapts the analysis to the computation of the MBD’s performance for any specified drive-schedule. General performance characteristics of the MBD and an example illustrating its response to a given drive-schedule are presented. The use of the analysis and the computational scheme in the design of the MBD and in finding the optimum operating conditions is discussed.

Optimization for speed regulation strategy of compound coupled hydro-mechanical transmission

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440702098056
Author(s):  
Jin Yu ◽  
Pengfei Shen ◽  
Zhao Wang ◽  
Yurun Song ◽  
Xiaohan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Programming Algorithm ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Programming Algorithm ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Speed Regulation ◽  
Ratio Change ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Wheel Loaders

Heavy duty vehicles, especially special vehicles, including wheel loaders and sprinklers, generally work with drastic changes in load. With the usage of a conventional hydraulic mechanical transmission, they face with these problems such as low efficiency, high fuel consumption and so forth. Some scholars focus on the research to solve these issues. However, few of them take into optimal strategies the fluctuation of speed ratio change, which can also cause a lot of problems. In this study, a novel speed regulation is proposed which cannot only solve problems above but also overcome impact caused by speed ratio change. Initially, based on the former research of the Compound Coupled Hydro-mechanical Transmission (CCHMT), the basic characteristics of CCHMT are analyzed. Besides, to solve these problems, dynamic programming algorithm is utilized to formulate basic speed regulation strategy under specific operating condition. In order to reduce the problem caused by speed ratio change, a new optimization is applied. The results indicate that the proposed DP optimal speed regulation strategy has better performance on reducing fuel consumption by up to 1.16% and 6.66% in driving cycle JN1015 and in ECE R15 working condition individually, as well as smoothing the fluctuation of speed ratio by up to 12.65% and 19.01% in those two driving cycles respectively. The processes determining the speed regulation strategy can provide a new method to formulate the control strategies of CCHMT under different operating conditions particularlly under real-world conditions.

A pilot web former designed to study retention-formation relationships

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Anna Svedberg ◽  
Tom Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Good Reproducibility ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Retention Aids ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A pilot-scale fourdrinier former has been developed for the purpose of investigating the relationship between retention and paper formation (features, retention aids, dosage points, etc.). The main objective of this publication was to present the R-F (Retention and formation)-machine and demonstrate some of its fields of applications. For a fine paper stock (90% hardwood and 10% softwood) with addition of 25% filler (based on total solids content), the relationship between retention and formation was investigated for a microparticulate retention aid (cationic polyacrylamide together with anionic montmorillonite clay). The retention-formation relationship of the retention aid system was investigated after choosing standardized machine operating conditions (e.g. the jet-to-wire speed ratio). As expected, the formation was impaired when the retention was increased. Since good reproducibility was attained, the R-F (Retention and formation)-machine was found to be a useful tool for studying the relationship between retention and paper formation.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Transesterification of Waste Frying Oil from Local Restaurants in East Colombia Using a Combined Lipase System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Mary Angélica Ferreira Vela ◽  
Juan C. Acevedo-Páez ◽  
Nestor Urbina-Suárez ◽  
Yeily Adriana Rangel Basto ◽  
Ángel Darío González-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification

The search for innovation and biotechnological strategies in the biodiesel production chain have become a topic of interest for scientific community owing the importance of renewable energy sources. This work aimed to implement an enzymatic transesterification process to obtain biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO). The transesterification was performed by varying reaction times (8 h, 12 h and 16 h), enzyme concentrations of lipase XX 25 split (14%, 16% and 18%), pH of reaction media (6, 7 and 8) and reaction temperature (35, 38 and 40 °C) with a fixed alcohol–oil molar ratio of 3:1. The optimum operating conditions were selected to quantify the amount of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) generated. The highest biodiesel production was reached with an enzyme concentration of 14%, reaction time of 8 h, pH of 7 and temperature of 38 °C. It was estimated a FAMEs production of 42.86% for the selected experiment; however, best physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel were achieved with an enzyme concentration of 16% and reaction time of 8 h. Results suggested that enzymatic transesterification process was favorable because the amount of methyl esters obtained was similar to the content of fatty acids in the WFO.

Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Chrome-Tanned Solid Wastes Generated in the Leather Industry

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soufiane Tahiri ◽  
Ali Messaoudi ◽  
Abderrahman Albizane ◽  
Mohamed Azzi ◽  
Mohamed Bouhria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Cationic Dyes ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Anionic Dyes ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Dyes Adsorption

Abstract In this work, the ability of chrome shavings and of crust leather buffing dusts to remove dyes from aqueous solutions has been studied. Buffing dusts proved to be a much better adsorbent than chrome shavings for cationic dyes. The adsorption of anionic dyes is very important on two studied wastes. The pH has an obvious influence on the adsorption of dyes. Adsorption of cationic dyes is less favourable under acidic conditions (pH <3.5) and at high pH values (pH >10.5). The adsorption of anionic dyes on both adsorbents is more favourable under acidic conditions (pH <3). The adsorption on chrome shavings is improved by the use of finer particles. The kinetic adsorption was also studied. Adsorption isotherms, at the optimum operating conditions, were determined. Adsorption follows the Langmuir model. The isotherm parameters have been calculated. The column technique could be applied to treat significant volumes of solutions.

scholarly journals Modification of Cassava Starch Using Lactic Acid Hydrolysis in The Rotary-UV Dryer to Improve Physichocemical Properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 01018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siswo Sumardiono ◽  
Bakti Jos ◽  
Denny Firmansyah ◽  
Rahmi Hidayatunajah ◽  
Isti Pudjihastuti
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Significant Difference

Food security should be supported in an effort to utilize local products into import substitution products. Cassava starch has the potential to be developed into semi-finished products in the form of flour or starch which does not contain gluten but can inflate large baking process, potentially as a substitute for wheat flour-the main ingredient for making bread. The characteristic of the starch is influenced by the type of starch composition and structure. Natural starch has physicochemical properties i.e. a long time cooking and pasta formed hard. These constraints allow us to modify cassava starch by a combination of lactic acid hydrolysis and drying with rotary UV system. Modified cassava starch is expected to be used as a substitute for wheat flour. The aim of the research which is a combination of lactic acid hydrolysis and drying using a rotary UV system is to examine the optimum operating conditions in the drying process of starch hydrolysis with parameter the physicochemical and rheological properties of modified cassava starch. The initial process study is to hydrolyze cassava starch using lactic acid. Furthermore, hydrolyzed cassava starch is then dried using UV light in the rotary dryers system. There are a variety of changing variables, i.e. time of irradiation cassava starch-lactic acid hydrolysis products in the rotary UV light and air drying temperature. The research results show that modified starch has a better characteristic than the natural starch. From the analysis, the best point of swelling power, solubility and baking expansion is consequently 15.62 g/g; 24.19 %; 2.21 ml/gr. The FTIR result shows that there is no significant difference of the chemical structure because the starch modification only change the physical characteristics. From the SEM analysis, we can know that the size of the starch’s granule changes between the natural starch and the modified starch..

Modeling and Control of an Infinitely Variable Speed Converter With Application to Wind Turbines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Zhu ◽  
X. F. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Output Shaft ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Current Frequency ◽  
Feed Forward

Traditional transmission in wind turbine applications has a constant output-to-input speed ratio, which needs a power converter to regulate the current frequency that can be fed into the grid. Different types of continuously variable transmission (CVT) have been developed for vehicle and wind turbine applications, which can generate constant-frequency current without using a power converter in a wind turbine. An infinitely variable speed converter (IVSC) is a specific type of CVT that can achieve a zero speed ratio and transmit a large torque at a low speed ratio. An IVSC with drivers that convert an eccentric motion of cams to a concentric motion of the output shaft through one-way bearings is introduced, and an active control system with a combined feedback and feed forward control that can automatically adjust the eccentricity of the outer cams to control the speed ratio of the transmission is developed. The kinematic model of the IVSC is derived and fitted by a polynomial function to serve as the feed forward function in the control law. The feedback control is used to reduce the system error. A dynamic model of the IVSC is derived to investigate the effect of the dynamic load on the input and output speeds. Static and dynamic tests were conducted to validate the kinematic model of the IVSC. The variation of the average output speed per revolution of the output shaft is 0.56% with respect to the desired output speed in the simulation and 0.91% in the experiments.

Experimental Exploration of Schallamach Waves and Self-Excitation in a Belt-Drive System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingdan Wu ◽  
Michael Varenberg ◽  
Michael J. Leamy
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Oscillation Amplitude ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Belt Drive ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Stick Slip Motion ◽  
System Inertia ◽  
Slip Motion

We study the dynamic behavior of a belt-drive system to explore the effect of operating conditions and system moment of inertia on the generation of waves of detachment (i.e., Schallamach waves) at the belt-pulley interface. A self-excitation phenomenon is reported in which frictional fluctuations serve as harmonic forcing of the pulley, leading to angular velocity oscillations which grow in time. This behavior depends strongly on operating conditions (torque transmitted and pulley speed) and system inertia, and differs between the driver and driven pulleys. A larger net torque applied to the pulley generally yields more remarkable stick-slip oscillations with higher amplitude and lower frequency. Higher driving speeds accelerate the occurrence of stick-slip motion, but have little influence on the oscillation amplitude. Contrary to our expectations, the introduction of flywheels to increase system inertia amplified the frictional disturbances, and hence the pulley oscillations. This does, however, suggest a way of facilitating their study, which may be useful in follow-on research.

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