Chlorination of Sea Water—Effects on Fouling and Corrosion

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Anderson ◽  
B. R. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Field Experience ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Metallic Corrosion ◽  
Water Treatments

This paper contains a review of literature, field experience, and test data concerning control of fouling by chlorination and temperature and the effects of water treatments on metallic corrosion.

Objective Psychological Measurement and Alcoholism: Review of Literature, 1971–72

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1023-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma J. Knox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Test Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Problem Area ◽  
Psychological Test ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Psychological Measurement

The literature published in 1971 and 1972 on alcoholics in the United States was reviewed for objective psychological test data or behavioral measurements. The review was organized to facilitate further research by assembling information according to problem area and by including tests employed, significant findings ( p = .05), critical comments, and inferences for therapy. An appendix of references from 1968–1970 employing objective psychological measurements is included and cross-indexed.

scholarly journals Exposure of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Seawater and the Effect on Their Physical Performance

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Cavasin ◽  
Marco Sangermano ◽  
Barry Thomson ◽  
Stefanos Giannis
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites ◽  
Water Effects

An innovative testing methodology to evaluate the effect of long-term exposure to a marine environment on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRPs) has been investigated and is presented in this paper. Up to one-year ageing was performed in seawater, to simulate the environment for offshore oil and gas applications. The performance of an epoxy and epoxy-based GFRP exposed at different temperatures from 25 to 80 °C was quantified. The materials were also aged in dry air, to de-couple the thermal effect from the seawater chemical action. Gravimetric testing and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were conducted in parallel on progressively aged specimens. The effect of specimen geometry and the anisotropic nature of diffusion are comprehensively discussed in this paper. For the quasi-infinite specimens, the results show an exponential increase in the seawater absorption rate with temperature. The methodology allowed for the prediction of the diffusivity at a temperature of 4 °C as 0.23 and 0.05 × 10−13 m2/s for the epoxy and the epoxy-based composite, respectively. The glass transition temperature reduces as sea water is absorbed, yet the sea water effects appear to be reversible upon drying.

Sea-water effects on foam-cored composite sandwich lay-ups

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (6-8) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Li ◽  
Y.Jack Weitsman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Composite Sandwich ◽  
Water Effects

Anionic electrophoretic pattern of five ruthenium salts in fresh and sea water: effects of ageing and dilution

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 480-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vos ◽  
S. Van Puymbroeck ◽  
O.Van Der Borght ◽  
H. Peperstraete ◽  
M. D'Hont
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrophoretic Pattern ◽  
Water Effects

Sea Water Effects on Surface Morphology and Interfacial Bonding of Sugar Palm Fiber to Sago Matrix

2016 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mardin ◽  
I.N.G. Wardana ◽  
Kamil Kusno ◽  
Pratikto ◽  
S. Wahyono
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Maximum Duration ◽  
Sugar Palm Fiber ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Water Effects

Effects of sea water immersion for palm fiber in relation to surface morphology, roughness and bonding between the fiber and sago matrix were observed. Duration of immersion varied in 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, and then dried at room temperature for 3 hours continued by oven at 80 °C for 6 hours. SEM and roughness arithmetic tests were applied to see surface morphology, roughness and bonding between fiber and the matrix. Result shows fiber morphology and roughness varies by the duration of immersion. The surface roughness increases as immersion continues along with fiber - matrix bonding improvement. The maximum duration of 4 weeks fiber immersion resulted in the best interlocking of matrix and fibers, as the slits between them disappear.

scholarly journals 267 RECLAIMED WATER EFFECTS ON LEAF, SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION NUTRIENT LEVELS OF GRAPEFRUIT

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
M.A. Maurer ◽  
F.S. Davies ◽  
D.A. Graetz
Keyword(s):  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Citrus Aurantium ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Water Nutrients

A field study was conducted on mature `Redblush' grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock from 1991 to 1993 near Vero Beach, Fla. on poorly drained (flatwoods) soil to determine the effects of reclaimed water on leaf, soil and shallow well-water nutrients. Treatments consisted of a canal water applied based on soil moisture depletion, and reclaimed water applied at 23.1, 30.7 and 36.6 mm/wk. Reclaimed water treatments received supplemental fertilization in addition to the N present in the water. All treatments received about 130 kg/ha/yr N. Leaf tissue N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations were similar for all treatments, but B concentrations were significantly higher for the reclaimed water treatments in 1991 and 1993. Soil P and Na concentrations also increased in the reclaimed water treatments. Water samples taken from shallow depth wells showed that reclaimed water treatments had lower levels of NO, compared to the control possibly due to leaching. Reclaimed water contained only trace or undetectable levels of heavy metals.

Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. II. Effects of Sea Water and Surfactant Mixtures on the Health of Whole Plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
HGM Dowden ◽  
MJ Lambert ◽  
R Truman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Surfactant Mixtures ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Shoot Necrosis

A disorder of Norfolk Island pines, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, has occurred on certain urbanized parts of the coast of New South Wales. Observation and survey work suggested that the disorder was due to excessive foliar uptake of salt, induced by surfactants derived from sewage discharged into the sea. The work described in this paper was part of a programme of studies designed to test this hypothesis. Glasshouse experiments were carried out to test the effects of distilled water and deep-sea water both with and without added surfactants sprayed onto the foliage of young potted Norfolk Island pines. Whereas the distilled water effects were minimal, some needle and shoot necrosis occurred in all plants sprayed with sea water and this effect was markedly accentuated when surfactant was present. Shoot necrosis was highly significantly correlated with the concentration of sodium and chloride taken up by the foliage, and the foliar salt levels were very similar to those found in deteriorating trees located by the seaside. The results showed that a commonly used surfactant, when sprayed in a sea-water solution onto Norfolk Island pine foliage, caused damage similar to that observed in affected seaside trees.

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