Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. II. Effects of Sea Water and Surfactant Mixtures on the Health of Whole Plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
HGM Dowden ◽  
MJ Lambert ◽  
R Truman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Surfactant Mixtures ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Shoot Necrosis

A disorder of Norfolk Island pines, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, has occurred on certain urbanized parts of the coast of New South Wales. Observation and survey work suggested that the disorder was due to excessive foliar uptake of salt, induced by surfactants derived from sewage discharged into the sea. The work described in this paper was part of a programme of studies designed to test this hypothesis. Glasshouse experiments were carried out to test the effects of distilled water and deep-sea water both with and without added surfactants sprayed onto the foliage of young potted Norfolk Island pines. Whereas the distilled water effects were minimal, some needle and shoot necrosis occurred in all plants sprayed with sea water and this effect was markedly accentuated when surfactant was present. Shoot necrosis was highly significantly correlated with the concentration of sodium and chloride taken up by the foliage, and the foliar salt levels were very similar to those found in deteriorating trees located by the seaside. The results showed that a commonly used surfactant, when sprayed in a sea-water solution onto Norfolk Island pine foliage, caused damage similar to that observed in affected seaside trees.

Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. III. Evidence for Stomatal Penetration as the Pathway of Salt Entry to Leaves

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Grieve ◽  
MG Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Advancing Contact Angle ◽  
Sea Coast

The paper describes the effect of varied surfactant concentrations on penetration of NaCl into leaves of Norfolk Island Pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco. It confirms that the damage observed along the sea-coast in Sydney is similar to that produced by high NaCl levels in the foliage. The effect of surfactant in increasing NaCl uptake from sea-water spray is related to the reduction in surface tension and to the advancing contact angle of the spray on the leaf surface. It is suggested that sea-spray enters A. heterophylla needles through the stomata, and that the cuticle is particularly resistant to NaCI, compared with other plant species. Similar penetration and damage was found with sprays of CaCl2, MgCl2 and KCl showing that the damage was not due specifically to NaCI.

Examination for Degradation Paths of Butyltin Compounds in Natural Waters

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Watanabe ◽  
S. Sakai ◽  
H. Takatsuki
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Clean Area ◽  
Butyltin Compounds ◽  
Sun Light

Examination of individual degradation paths (biodegradation and photolysis) of butyltin compounds (especially tributyltin: TBT) in natural waters was performed. Biodegradation of TBT and dibutyltin (DBT) in an unfiltered sea water in summer is rather fast; their half life is about a week. But pretreatment with glass fiber filter makes the half life of TBT much longer (about 80 days). Photolysis of TBT in sea water by sun light is rapid (half life is about 0.5 days), and faster than in distilled water or in fresh water. Degradation rates of each process for TBT are calculated in various conditions of sea water, and contribution rates are compared. Biodegradation will be the main degradation process in an “SS-rich” area such as a marina, but photolysis will exceed that in a “clean” area. Over all half lives of TBT in sea water vary from 6 days to 127 days considering seasons and presence of SS.

Specific heat of mixtures of kaolin with sea water or distilled water for their use in thermotherapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Mato ◽  
L. M. Casás ◽  
J. L. Legido ◽  
C. Gómez ◽  
L. Mourelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water

Taste by Touch: Some Experiments with Octopus

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
M. J. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Quinine Sulphate ◽  
Human Tongue ◽  
Half Strength

1. A method of teaching Octopus chemotactile discriminations is described. 2. The animals can be shown to be capable of distinguishing by touch between porous objects soaked in plain sea water and sea water with hydrochloric acid, sucrose or quinine sulphate added. 3. They can detect these substances in concentrations at least 100 times as dilute as the human tongue is capable of detecting them in distilled water. 4. They can be trained to distinguish between equimolar (0.2 mM) solutions of hydrochloric acid, sucrose and quinine. 5. They can also be trained to distinguish between sea water and fresh water or half-strength sea water or sea water with twice the usual quantity of salt. 6. The function of the ‘olfactory organ’ is discussed. 7. Chemotactile learning is discussed in relation to the means by which Octopus finds its way about the territory around its ‘home’

Experiments on Substrate Selection by Corophium Species: Films and Bacteria on Sand Particles

1964 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-511
Author(s):  
P. S. MEADOWS
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Substrate Selection ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Substrate Preferences ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. A simple method is described for determining the substrate preferences of Corophium volutator (Pallas) and Corophium arenarium Crawford. 2. If offered a choice of its own substrate with that of the other species each prefers its own. 3. Level of illumination and colour of substrate have little effect on choice. An animal's size and hence its age has little effect on its substrate preferences. 4. C. volutator prefers a substrate previously maintained under anaerobic conditions, C. arenarium vice versa. 5. Treatments which kill, inactivate, or remove micro-organisms render sands unattractive to Corophium. These include boiling, acid-cleaning, drying, and soaking in fixatives or distilled water. Attempts to make these sands attractive again failed. 6. Distilled water, and solutions of the non-electrolytes sucrose and glycerol at the same osmotic pressure as sea water, induce many bacteria to desorb from sand particles; smaller numbers are desorbed in the presence of solutions of electrolytes at the same ionic strength as sea water (NaCl, Na2SO4, KC1, MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2). Of all these, only distilled water and solutions of MgCl2 and CaCl2 reduce the attractive properties of sands. Hence the loss of bacteria from the surface of sand grains, though related to the ionic strength and composition of the medium, is not necessarily associated with a substrate becoming unattractive.

Leptogium cochleatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
St Helena

Abstract A description is provided for Leptogium cochleatum. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Tanzania), North America (Canada (Nova Scotia), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia)), Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guina, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela), Asia (China (Beijing, Yunnan), India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Primorsky Krai), Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam), Atlantic Ocean (Bermuda, Cape Verde, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands), St Helena), Australasia (Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria), New Zealand, Norfolk Island), Caribbean (Cuba, Guadeloupe), Europe (Austria, Croatia, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Krasnodar Krai), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, former Yugoslavia), Indian Ocean (Mauritius), Pacific Ocean (New Caledonia, USA (Hawaii), Vanuatu)). This species is used in the British Isles as an indicator when making ecological assesments.

Corrosion Protection of Nano-Silica Powder Coatingon Artificial Seawater

2021 ◽  
Vol 904 ◽  
pp. 519-524
Author(s):  
Gui Yun Zhang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Tian Wei Zhang ◽  
Chen Yu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Artificial Seawater ◽  
Protection Effect ◽  
Aluminum Sheets ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior

Sea water resources are extensive and can be used to extinguish fires, but their corrosiveness is a major problem. Using the method of electrochemical workstation, the electrochemical corrosion behavior of aluminum sheet in artificial sea water solution and silica-coated artificial seawater was studied; by analyzing the surface morphology, polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the electrochemical corrosion behavior of aluminum sheets under different immersion times and different immersion media is obtained. The conclusion is that the coating of nanosilica powder has a certain corrosion protection effect on artificial seawater.

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