scholarly journals Validation Metrics for Deterministic and Probabilistic Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Maupin ◽  
Laura P. Swiler ◽  
Nathan W. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Probabilistic Data ◽  
Validation Metrics ◽  
Physical Experiments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Computational Modeling And Simulation ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Application Specific

Computational modeling and simulation are paramount to modern science. Computational models often replace physical experiments that are prohibitively expensive, dangerous, or occur at extreme scales. Thus, it is critical that these models accurately represent and can be used as replacements for reality. This paper provides an analysis of metrics that may be used to determine the validity of a computational model. While some metrics have a direct physical meaning and a long history of use, others, especially those that compare probabilistic data, are more difficult to interpret. Furthermore, the process of model validation is often application-specific, making the procedure itself challenging and the results difficult to defend. We therefore provide guidance and recommendations as to which validation metric to use, as well as how to use and decipher the results. An example is included that compares interpretations of various metrics and demonstrates the impact of model and experimental uncertainty on validation processes.

Earth science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Дьяченко ◽  
Vladimir Dyachenko ◽  
Лариса Дьяченко ◽  
Larisa D'yachenko
Keyword(s):  
Earth Science ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Short Course ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Structure ◽  
The Impact

The textbook describes the features of the origin, development, structure and functioning of the earth's shells and the impact on them of the most common types of environmental management. From the standpoint of modern science shows the history of the formation of the biosphere, analyzed the causes and consequences of natural hazards associated with the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and technogenic transformation of the biosphere. The complex of disciplines that make up the textbook is chosen to present the essence of the main natural science subjects required for students studying in the framework of a larger group of specialties and areas of training 20.00.00 "Technosphere safety and environmental engineering" in accordance with the requirements of the GEF in the last generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the directions 20.03.01 "Technosphere safety", 20.03.02"nature management and water use". The textbook can be used in the educational process for educational programs of the enlarged group of specialties 05.00.00 "earth Sciences", as well as areas 06.03.01 "Biology", 06.03.02 "soil science". The content of the textbook also allows you to use it as a short course in Geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, climatology and meteorology, soil science, landscape Geochemistry for training bachelors in related areas and specialties.

Concluding remarks: there's nowt so queer as carbon electrodes

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R. Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Local Density ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The Impact

This contribution provides a personal overview and summary of Faraday Discussion 172 on “Carbon in Electrochemistry”, covering some of the key points made at the meeting within the broader context of other recent developments on carbon materials for electrochemical applications. Although carbon electrodes have a long history of use in electrochemistry, methods and techniques are only just becoming available that can test long-established models and identify key features for further exploration. This Discussion has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the impact of surface structure, defects, local density of electronic states, and surface functionality and contamination, in order to advance fundamental knowledge of various electrochemical processes and phenomena at carbon electrodes. These developments cut across important materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, conducting diamond and high surface area carbon materials. With more detailed pictures of structural and electronic controls of electrochemistry at carbon electrodes (and electrodes generally), will come rational advances in various technological applications, from sensors to energy technology (particularly batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells), that have been well-illustrated at this Discussion.

scholarly journals Processing in the food chain: do cereals have to be processed to add value to the human diet?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Frank Thielecke ◽  
Jean-Michel Lecerf ◽  
Anne P. Nugent
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Of Processing

Abstract Cereals and cereal products have a long history of use by humans. Recently, there have been some discussions regarding level of processing as a descriptor to define food products, including cereal-based foods. This has led to a somewhat emotional debate on food processing. Given the widespread inclusion of cereals in the diet, this review highlights the history of cereal processing as well as their consumption by humans. It provides an evidence-based discussion on their production, contribution to human nutrition, benefits and disadvantages. The present review illustrates the impact of processing on nutrients, as well as non-nutrients specifically in bread and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTEC), two cereal-based foods which are widely consumed and integral parts of food-based dietary guidelines globally. As a category, most cereals must be processed in some way to enable consumption by humans as we are not equipped to survive exclusively on raw grains. Even thousands of years ago, the processing of cereals was a common practice by humans, turning raw grains into palatable, safe and nutritious foods. Modern processes for cereal-based products are efficient in providing safe and good-quality products to satisfy population needs, as well as helping to meet consumer expectations by providing a range of foods that allows for a varied and balanced diet. Today, RTEC and bread make significant contributions to dietary energy and nutrient requirements and underpin food-based dietary guidance globally. They have been positively linked with intake of dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals, especially when consumed as whole grain.

Harvesting Natural Resources

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-125
Author(s):  
Emily W. B. Russell Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The Impact

People have always had to rely on hunting and gathering for food, fuel and shelter. The first evidence for possible major impact of these activities is the early Holocene extinction of most megafauna on all continents except Africa. Multidisciplinary historical research indicates that both climate and human impact interacted to cause these extinctions. This chapter also discusses historical records which have elucidated some of the long-term impacts of harvesting fish and other creatures of seas and estuaries on aspects such as population numbers, age structure, and species diversity of these organisms. On land, hunting has continued to affect many species. Agriculture, rather than decreasing the use of natural resources, has altered land use and increased demand so that the impact on natural resources has increased worldwide. Industrialization further accelerated this trend. Even those sites removed from active use by inclusion in preserves continue to change, in part because of a complex history of use before they were preserved. Understanding this history can help set appropriate goals for preservation as well as indications of management that may assist in evaluating changes.

Humanist Culture and Renaissance Mathematics: The Italian Libraries of the Quattrocento

1973 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 46-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lawrence Rose
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Renaissance Mathematics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

There are two major problems in renaissance science, each of which has a cultural, as well as a scientific, dimension. The first problem concerns the impact of humanism upon the science of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is often claimed that the humanist influence was malign: by attacking scholastic thought, the humanists tried to interrupt the steady evolution of modern science from its medieval scholastic form to the more advanced structure of Galileo. A necessary foundation of this claim is, of course, the internal history of science argument, known as the Duhem thesis, which holds that the main ancestry of Galileo's thought is indeed the scholastic natural philosophy of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Promises and pitfalls of in vivo evolution to improve phage therapy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J Bull ◽  
Bruce R. Levin ◽  
Ian J. Molineux
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Informed Choice ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use

Abstract(Background) Phage therapy is the use of bacterial viruses (phages) to treat bacterial infections. Phages lack the broad host ranges of antibiotics, so individual phages are often used with no prior history of use in treatment. Therapeutic phages are thus often chosen based on limited criteria, sometimes merely an ability to plate on the pathogenic bacterium. It is possible that better treatment outcomes might be obtained from an informed choice of phages. Here we consider whether phages used to treat the bacterial infection in a patient might specifically evolve to improve treatment. Phages recovered from the patient could then serve as a source of improved phages or cocktails for use on subsequent patients. (Methods) With the aid of mathematical and computational models, we explore this possibility for four phage properties expected to promote therapeutic success: in vivo growth, phage decay rate, overcoming resistant bacteria, and enzyme activity to degrade protective bacterial layers. (Results) Phage evolution only sometimes works in favor of treatment, and even in those cases, intrinsic phage dynamics in the patient are usually not ideal. An informed use of phages is invariably superior to reliance on within-host evolution and dynamics, although the extent of this benefit varies with the application.

scholarly journals Degradacja próchnicy czarnoziemów ornych na przykładzie Ponidzia

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ostaszewska ◽  
Bogumił Wicik ◽  
Andrzej Harasimiuk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The paper presents the results of research on the degradation of chernozems in part of the Proszowice lobe (near Pińczów). The currently progressing process of degradation of chernozems is showed in the decline of their physical and chemical properties (among others increased predisposition to soaking, changes in the content of organic carbon and nitrogen). The results were analyzed in the context of changes in the technology of farming. For the analysis, samples from areas with different types of use and different history of use (including archaeological sites) were collected. A significant decline of soil properties was found. They were expressed by destruction of the soil structure of humus horizon. It starts increase in the susceptibility of the soil clumping, soaking and erosion. The humus contents in researched samples are low (as content for Chernozem), but there is no different in this parameter determined half century ago. Currently, low values of the C/N coefficient indicate the impact of mineral fertilization (increasing the nitrogen content) and are part of the anthropogenic degradation of the analyzed Chernozems.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

A Left History of Liquorice: What It Means to Write "Left" History

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan D. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Historical Study ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Special Edition ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This article is part of a special Left History series reflecting upon changing currents and boundaries in the practice of left history, and outlining the challenges historians of the left must face in the current tumultuous political climate. This series extends a conversation first convened in a 2006 special edition of Left History (11.1), which asked the question, “what is left history?” In the updated series, contributors were asked a slightly modified question, “what does it mean to write ‘left’ history?” The article charts the impact of major political developments on the field of left history in the last decade, contending that a rising neoliberal and right-wing climate has constructed an environment inhospitable to the discipline’s survival. To remain relevant, Palmer calls for historians of the left to develop a more “open-ended and inclusive” understanding of the left and to push the boundaries of inclusion for a meaningful historical study of the left. To illustrate, Palmer provides a brief materialist history of liquorice to demonstrate the mutability of left history as a historical approach, rather than a set of traditional political concerns.

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