Quantitative Assessment of Potassium Hydroxide Concentration in Oxyhydrogen Cell for Optimal Gasoline Fuel Engine Performance and Emissions

Abstract Oxyhydrogen gas (Brown gas (HHO)) can be an innovative venue for cleaner energy in the auto industry. The effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration in an electrolyte solution of HHO fuel cell on GK200 Honda single-cylinder engine performance parameters and emissions has been investigated. A 1 L/min blend of HHO is fed to the engine as a secondary fuel and a constant electrical load, and variable engine speed (1300–2300) tests were carried out to quantify the foremost concentration of KOH in the fuel cell electrolyte that has a constructive impact on both engine performance parameters and emissions. Several concentrations of KOH were considered (1 g/l, 1.5 g/l, 2 g/l, 5 g/l, and 6.5 g/l). Results reveal that all KOH concentrations considered have a positive impact on engine performance parameters and the best concentration range for KOH in distilled water is within the range 1–2 g/l. The average percentage enhancement in engine brake power was 22.3% and 20.5% reduction in specific fuel consumption whereas the average reduction in carbon oxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were almost 80% and 50% reduction in NOx and HC emissions. Most of the literature concerned with HHO as a fuel blend set 5 g/l KOH concentration for fuel cell electrolyte whereas the results of this research reveal that lower concentrations within the range of 1–2 g/l reduce the energy consumed by the fuel cell in addition to higher impact on the engine performance parameters and enhance the overall system efficiency.

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Effect of Additivized Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, Tribological Characteristics, and Lubricant Tribology

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13133375 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 3375 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. A. Mujtaba ◽

H. H. Masjuki ◽

M. A. Kalam ◽

Fahad Noor ◽

Muhammad Farooq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Fuel Blend ◽

Biodiesel Blends ◽

Fuel Blends ◽

The Coefficient Of Friction ◽

Hc Emissions ◽

Mineral Lubricant ◽

Maximum Increment ◽

Ternary Fuel

This research work focuses on investigating the lubricity and analyzing the engine characteristics of diesel–biodiesel blends with fuel additives (titanium dioxide (TiO2) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) and their effect on the tribological properties of a mineral lubricant. A blend of palm–sesame oil was used to produce biodiesel using ultrasound-assisted transesterification. B30 (30% biodiesel + 70% diesel) fuel was selected as the base fuel. The additives used in the current study to prepare ternary fuel blends were TiO2 and DMC. B30 + TiO2 showed a significant reduction of 6.72% in the coefficient of friction (COF) compared to B30. B10 (Malaysian commercial diesel) exhibited very poor lubricity and COF among all tested fuels. Both ternary fuel blends showed a promising reduction in wear rate. All contaminated lubricant samples showed an increment in COF due to the dilution of combustible fuels. Lub + B10 (lubricant + B10) showed the highest increment of 42.29% in COF among all contaminated lubricant samples. B30 + TiO2 showed the maximum reduction (6.76%) in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). B30 + DMC showed the maximum increment (8.01%) in brake thermal efficiency (BTE). B30 + DMC exhibited a considerable decline of 32.09% and 25.4% in CO and HC emissions, respectively. The B30 + TiO2 fuel blend showed better lubricity and a significant improvement in engine characteristics.

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Effect of Butanol Addition to Neem Biodiesel-Diesel Blend on Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v24i5.24 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 881-885

Author(s):

R. Bitrus ◽

I.A. Rufai ◽

S.H. Ogweda

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Co2 Emission ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Diesel Emissions ◽

Emission Characteristics ◽

No Emission ◽

Compression Ignition Engine ◽

Fuel Blend ◽

Hc Emissions ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

The effect of butanol addition in biodiesel-diesel blend to ascertain the emission characteristics of diesel engine was investigated. Experiments were carried out on a four-stroke, single cylinder, air-cooled compression ignition engine. A blend of neem biodiesel 20% and diesel fuel 80% was prepared and labelled as B20. Butanol was then added to B20 blend at volume percent of 5%, 10% and 15% which was labelled as B20Bu5, B20Bu10 and B20Bu15 respectively. These samples were tested on the engine at two conditions: firstly, when speed was constant (2600 rpm) with varying torque of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 11 Nm, and secondly when torque was constant (4 Nm) with varying speed of 2000, 2200, 2400 and 2600 rpm. Exhaust gas analyzer was used to measure exhaust emissions such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbon (HC). The result shows that B20 blend has the highest amount of NO emission at all engine loads. At varying speed B20 blend was found to have NO emission of 303.8 ppm on average but the addition of butanol to B20 blend significantly reduced the amount of NO emission by 16%. NO emission reduced much with more percentage of butanol in the blend. In regards to CO2 emission, it was found that blends containing butanol emits higher amount of CO2 than B20 blend. However, CO2 emission decreased as percentage of butanol in the blend increase. At constant speed B20 blend increases CO emission more than blends containing butanol while at varying speed the result shows very insignificant difference. It was also revealed that blends containing butanol releases higher HC emissions than B20 blend across all engine speeds. At varying torque B20 blend emits higher HC than blends with butanol except for B20Bu15 which has 16.4 ppm on average. A regression equation was developed in order to predict the exhaust emissions at specific engine conditions using a particular fuel blend. Keywords: Butanol, neem-biodiesel-diesel, emissions and predictive equation

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Improvement of Fusel Oil Features and Effect of Its Use in Different Compression Ratios for an SI Engine on Performance and Emission

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13071824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1824 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Süleyman Şimşek ◽

Hasan Saygın ◽

Bülent Özdalyan

Keyword(s):

Compression Ratio ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Test Results ◽

Fuel Blend ◽

Fusel Oil ◽

Performance And Emission ◽

Fuel Blends ◽

Spark Plug ◽

Hc Emissions

In this study, the effects of the use of improved fusel oil on engine performance and on exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine were investigated experimentally in consideration of the water, gum, and moisture content at high compression ratios according to TS EN 228 standards. In the study, a four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled, spark plug ignition engine with an 8/1 compression ratio was used at three different compression ratios (8/1, 8.5/1, 9.12/1). Experiments were performed for six different ratios of fuel blends (F0, F10, F20, F30, F40, and F50) at a constant speed and different loads. The data obtained from the experiments were compared with the original operating parameters of the engine while using gasoline. According to the test results, the optimal engine performance was at a 9.12/1 compression ratio and with a F30 fuel blend. With the increase from an 8/1 to 9.12/1 compression ratio for the F30 fuel blend, the overall efficiency increased by 6.91%, and the specific fuel consumption decreased by 2.35%. The effect of the optimum fusel blend on the emissions was also examined and CO emissions were reduced by 36.82%, HC emissions were reduced by 23.07%, and NOx emissions were reduced by 15.42%, while CO2 emissions were increased by 13.88%.

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Experimental evaluation of methanol-gasoline fuel blend on performance, emissions and lubricant oil deterioration in SI engine

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/16878140211025213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 168781402110252

Author(s):

Muhammad Ali Ijaz Malik ◽

Muhammad Usman ◽

Nasir Hayat ◽

Syed Wasim Hassan Zubair ◽

Rehmat Bashir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Engine Performance ◽

Engine Oil ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Si Engine ◽

Fuel Blend ◽

Lubricant Oil ◽

Oil Deterioration ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Lower Load ◽

Hc Emissions

Methanol showed promising results as an alternative to gasoline fuel. However, there exists a research gap for the effect of oxygenated fuel on lubricant oil deterioration along-with engine performance and emissions. This study aims the very topic. The characteristics of SI engine were evaluated for two different loads and nine different engine speeds. The lubricant oil samples were taken out from engine oil sump after 100 h of engine operations using gasoline (G) and M12 sequentially. The brake power of M12 was observed higher in comparison with G. The maximum BTE of 23.69% was observed for M12 on lower load and 2800 rpm. On average, the 6.05% and 6.31% decrease in HC emissions were observed using M12 in comparison with G at lower and higher load respectively. M12 produced 32.52% higher NOx emissions than that of G at lower load. The reduction in kinematic viscosities at 40°C of lubricant oil were found 11.61% and 18.78% for M12 and G respectively. TAN, specific gravity, flash point and ash content of lubricant oil were observed 10.23%, 0.079%, 5.81% and 0.97% higher for M12 respectively. The lubricant oil composition could be developed in future for such fuels which may prolong its life cycle.

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Engine Performance with Diesel-Biodiesel Blends Fuel and Emission Characteristics

Engineering and Technology Journal ◽

10.30684/etj.v38i5a.419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (5A) ◽

pp. 779-788

Author(s):

Marwa N. Kareem ◽

Adel M. Salih

Keyword(s):

Sulfur Content ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Exhaust Gas ◽

Gas Temperature ◽

Biodiesel Blends ◽

Fuel Blends ◽

Hc Emissions

In this study, the sunflowers oil was utilized as for producing biodiesel via a chemical operation, which is called trans-esterification reaction. Iraqi diesel fuel suffers from high sulfur content, which makes it one of the worst fuels in the world. This study is an attempt to improve the fuel specifications by reducing the sulfur content of the addition of biodiesel fuel to diesel where this fuel is free of sulfur and has a thermal energy that approaches to diesel.20%, 30% and 50% of Biodiesel fuel were added to the conventional diesel. Performance tests and pollutants of a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine were performed. The results indicated that the brake thermal efficiency a decreased by (4%, 16%, and 22%) for the B20, B30 and B50, respectively. The increase in specific fuel consumption was (60%, 33%, and 11%) for the B50, B30, and B20 fuels, respectively for the used fuel blends compared to neat diesel fuel. The engine exhaust gas emissions measures manifested a decreased of CO and HC were CO decreased by (13%), (39%) and (52%), and the HC emissions were lower by (6.3%), (32%), and (46%) for B20, B30 and B50 respectively, compared to diesel fuel. The reduction of exhaust gas temperature was (7%), (14%), and (32%) for B20, B30 and B50 respectively. The NOx emission increased with the increase in biodiesel blends ratio. For B50, the raise was (29.5%) in comparison with diesel fuel while for B30 and B20, the raise in the emissions of NOx was (18%) and...

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The Influence of Stretching the Hip Flexor Muscles on Performance Parameters. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041936 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1936

Author(s):

Andreas Konrad ◽

Richard Močnik ◽

Sylvia Titze ◽

Masatoshi Nakamura ◽

Markus Tilp

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Lumbar Spine ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Force Production ◽

Performance Parameters ◽

Plantar Flexors ◽

Performance Change ◽

Flexor Muscles ◽

Hip Flexor

The hip flexor muscles are major contributors to lumbar spine stability. Tight hip flexors can lead to pain in the lumbar spine, and hence to an impairment in performance. Moreover, sedentary behavior is a common problem and a major contributor to restricted hip extension flexibility. Stretching can be a tool to reduce muscle tightness and to overcome the aforementioned problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effects of a single hip flexor stretching exercise on performance parameters. The online search was performed in the following three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eight studies were included in this review with a total of 165 subjects (male: 111; female 54). In contrast to other muscle groups (e.g., plantar flexors), where 120 s of stretching likely decreases force production, it seems that isolated hip flexor stretching of up to 120 s has no effect or even a positive impact on performance-related parameters. A comparison of the effects on performance between the three defined stretch durations (30–90 s; 120 s; 270–480 s) revealed a significantly different change in performance (p = 0.02) between the studies with the lowest hip flexor stretch duration (30–90 s; weighted mean performance change: −0.12%; CI (95%): −0.49 to 0.41) and the studies with the highest hip flexor stretch duration (270–480 s; performance change: −3.59%; CI (95%): −5.92 to −2.04). Meta-analysis revealed a significant (but trivial) impairment in the highest hip flexor stretch duration of 270–480 s (SMD effect size = −0.19; CI (95%) −0.379 to 0.000; Z = −1.959; p = 0.05; I2 = 0.62%), but not in the lowest stretch duration (30–90 s). This indicates a dose-response relationship in the hip flexor muscles. Although the evidence is based on a small number of studies, this information will be of great importance for both athletes and coaches.

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Investigation on Physicochemical Properties of Wastewater Grown Microalgae Methyl Ester and its Effects on CI Engine

Environmental and Climate Technologies ◽

10.2478/rtuect-2020-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 72-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Tayari ◽

Reza Abedi ◽

Ali Abedi

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Emissions Reduction ◽

Test Results ◽

Main Fatty Acid ◽

Ci Engine ◽

Hc Emissions ◽

A Minor

AbstractMicroalgae have been mentioned as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (MCV) was cultivated in a bioreactor with wastewater. After biodiesel production from MCV oil via transesterification reaction, chemical and physical properties of MCV methyl ester were evaluated with regular diesel and ASTM standard. Besides, engine performance and exhaust emissions of CI engine fuelled with the blends of diesel-biodiesel were measured. The GC-MS analysis showed that oleic and linoleic acids were the main fatty acid compounds in the MCV methyl ester. Engine test results revealed that the use of biodiesel had led to a major decrease in CO and HC emissions and a modest reduction in CO2 emissions, whereas there was a minor increase in NOx emissions. Furthermore, there was a slight decrease in the engine power and torque while a modest increase in brake specific fuel consumption which are acceptable due to exhaust emissions reduction. The experimental results illustrate considerable capabilities of applied MVC biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel engines to diminish the emissions.

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Effect of Thermal Barrier Coating on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine Operated with Conventional Diesel and Palm Oil Biodiesel

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11060692 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 692

Author(s):

Navin Ramasamy ◽

Mohammad Abul Kalam ◽

Mahendra Varman ◽

Yew Heng Teoh

Keyword(s):

Thermal Barrier Coating ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Silicon Oxide ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Spray Coating ◽

Thermal Barrier ◽

Performance And Emission ◽

Barrier Coating ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Palm Oil Biodiesel

In this study, the performance and emission of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) engine which applied palm oil biodiesel and diesel as a fuel were evaluated. TBC was prepared by using a series of mixture consisting different blend ratio of yttria stabilized zirconia (Y2O3·ZrO2) and aluminum oxide-silicon oxide (Al2O3·SiO2) via plasma spray coating technique. The experimental results showed that mixture of TBC with 60% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 40% Al2O3·SiO2 had an excellent nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) reductions compared to other blend-coated pistons. The finding also indicated that coating mixture 50% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 50% Al2O3·SiO2 had the highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and lowest of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared to all mixture coating. Reductions of HC and CO emissions were also recorded for 60% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 40% Al2O3·SiO2 and 50% Y2O3·ZrO2 + 50% Al2O3·SiO2 coatings. These encouraging findings had further proven the significance of TBC in enhancing the engine performance and emission reductions operated with different types of fuel.

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Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041441 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1441

Author(s):

Farhad Salek ◽

Meisam Babaie ◽

Amin Shakeri ◽

Seyed Vahid Hosseini ◽

Timothy Bodisco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Numerical Study ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Spark Ignition ◽

Spark Ignition Engine ◽

Combustion Model ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

Spark Ignition Engines ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Hc Emissions

This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was developed in AVL BOOST for the purpose of this investigation. The vibe two zone combustion model, which is widely used for the mathematical modeling of spark-ignition engines is employed for the numerical analysis of the combustion process. A significant reduction of ~50% in NOx emissions was observed across the engine speed range. However, the port injection of ammonia imposed some negative impacts on engine equivalent BSFC, CO and HC emissions, increasing these parameters by 3%, 30% and 21%, respectively, at the 10% ammonia injection ratio. Additionally, the minimum octane number of primary fuel required to prevent knock was reduced by up to 3.6% by adding ammonia between 5 and 10%. All in all, the injection of ammonia inside a bio-fueled engine could make it robust and produce less NOx, while having some undesirable effects on BSFC, CO and HC emissions.

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Economy and emission characteristics of the optimal dilution strategy in lean combustion based on GDI gasoline engine equipped with prechamber

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/16878140211038100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 168781402110381

Author(s):

Li Wang ◽

Zhaoming Huang ◽

Wang Tao ◽

Kai Shen ◽

Weiguo Chen

Keyword(s):

Fuel Economy ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Dilution Ratio ◽

Lean Combustion ◽

Excess Air ◽

Combustion Phase ◽

Hc Emissions

EGR and excess-air dilution have been investigated in a 1.5 L four cylinders gasoline direct injection (GDI) turbocharged engine equipped with prechamber. The influences of the two different dilution technologies on the engine performance are explored. The results show that at 2400 rpm and 12 bar, EGR dilution can adopt more aggressive ignition advanced angle to achieve optimal combustion phasing. However, excess-air dilution has greater fuel economy than that of EGR dilution owing to larger in-cylinder polytropic exponent. As for prechamber, when dilution ratio is greater than 37.1%, the combustion phase is advanced, resulting in fuel economy improving. Meanwhile, only when the dilution ratio is under 36.2%, the HC emissions of excess-air dilution are lower than the original engine. With the increase of dilution ratio, the CO emissions decrease continuously. The NOX emissions of both dilution technologies are 11% of those of the original engine. Excess-air dilution has better fuel economy and very low CO emissions. EGR dilution can effectively reduce NOX emissions, but increase HC emissions. Compared with spark plug ignition, the pre chamber ignition has lower HC, CO emissions, and higher NO emissions. At part load, the pre-chamber ignition reduces NOX emissions to 49 ppm.

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