scholarly journals Influence of Fuel Chemical Properties on Soot Emissions From Gas Turbine Combustors

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chin ◽  
A. H. Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soot Emissions

The influence of fuel composition on soot emissions from continuous flow combustors is examined. A study of the combustion characteristics of a wide range of present and potential aviation fuels suggests that smoke point provides a better indication of sooting tendency than does hydrogen content. It is concluded from this study that the best empirical relationship between fuel chemical composition and soot emissions is one which combines two fuel composition parameters — smoke point and naphthalene content — into a single parameter which is shown to correlate successfully soot emissions data acquired from several different fuels burning in a variety of gas turbine and model combustors.

scholarly journals Properties of glasses in the system BaO–B2O3–SiO2–xAl2O3 (x=0; 5; 10 mol.%)

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Yu.S. Hordieiev ◽  
◽  
E.V. Karasik ◽  
А.A. Amelina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Glass Formation ◽  
Linear Thermal Expansion ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Glass Ceramic Materials ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This article shows the prospect of the system BaO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 as the basis of vitreous and glass ceramic materials, which are widely used in rocket production for high-temperature protection of heat resistant alloys, in the power industry for sealing solid oxide fuel cells, and in the production of heat resistant glass ceramic materials. We examined the conditions of glass formation and properties of glasses with the following content of components (mol.%): BaO 30–70, B2O3 10–50, SiO2 20–60, and Al2O3 0–10. We established experimentally that the physical and chemical properties of glass, depending on its chemical composition, vary within the following limits: coefficient of linear thermal expansion of (71–122)10–7 К–1; glass transition temperature of 500–6500С; dilatometric softening point of 540–6700С; and density of 3.20–4.21 g cm–3. The volume resistivity of the studied glasses is within 1011–1013 Ohmcm at the temperature of 1500С. Generalization of the dependences of glass properties on their chemical composition was carried out with the use of the additive equations, for which the partial contributions of oxides to the values of the corresponding properties were determined by experimental and statistical methods. The established patterns of influence of components and conditions of glass formation on the physical and chemical characteristics of glasses allows implementing the process of designing of a wide range of glass compositions with the complex of specified properties in order to solve the tasks of their practical use.

scholarly journals FORECASTING OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LADLE’S SLAGS ON THE BASIS OF THE CONCEPT OF THE DIRECTED CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-197
Author(s):  
Dmytro Stepanenko ◽  
Oleksandr Verhun ◽  
Volodymyr Kysliakov ◽  
Viktoriia Petrusha ◽  
Mykyta Pushkarenko
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Interatomic Interaction ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Slag Melts

The work is devoted to the development of a methodology for the operational forecast of the properties of the final blast furnace slag by its chemical composition and temperature to improve the quality of hot metal in terms of sulfur content.The analysis of the accumulated experimental data on the properties of modern blast furnace slags is performed, using the criteria of the theory of directed chemical bonding the dependences of liquidus temperature on model parameters are established and an adequate forecast model of bucket slag liquid temperature on its model parameters is obtained.The created technique allows to obtain temperature dependences of density, surface tension, viscosity and electrical conductivity of real blast furnace slags in the temperature range 1200-1400 ° С.The approach to modeling of slag melts at the level of interatomic interaction used in the article can be used to develop predictive models of different technological properties of furnace slags in a wide range of temperatures. The obtained results are of practical importance and can be used for rapid prediction of the liquidity temperature of furnace slags and adjustment of their chemical composition in accordance with technological requirements.

Effect of Natural Gas Composition on Low NOx Burners Operation in Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Romano ◽  
Matteo Cerutti ◽  
Giovanni Riccio ◽  
Antonio Andreini ◽  
Christian Romano
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Annular Combustor ◽  
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Development of lean-premixed combustion technology with low emissions and stable operation in an increasingly wide range of operating conditions requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms that affect the combustion performance or even the operability of the entire gas turbine. Due to the relative wide range of natural gas composition supplies and the increased demand from Oil&Gas customers to burn unprocessed gas as well as LNG with notable higher hydrocarbons (C2+) content; the impact on gas turbine operability and combustion related aspects has been matter of several studies. In this paper, results of experimental test campaign of an annular combustor for heavy-duty gas turbine are presented with focus on the effect of fuel composition on both emissions and flame stability. Test campaign involved two different facilities, a full annular combustor rig and a full-scale prototype engine fed with different fuel mixtures of natural gas with small to moderate C2H6 content. Emissions trends and blowout for several operating conditions and burner configurations have been analyzed. Modifications to the burner geometry and fuel injection optimization have shown to be able to reach a good trade-off while keeping low NOx emissions in stable operating conditions for varying fuel composition.

scholarly journals The Effect of Fuel Composition Upon Combustion Performance in a Rolls Royce Tyne Combustor

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Bowden ◽  
J. H. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatics ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Specification Requirement

The combustion performance of a wide range of fuel types has been examined utilizing a single combustor from a Rolls-Royce Tyne gas-turbine engine. The results provide further evidence to suggest that fuel total hydrogen content provides a better indication of fuel combustion perfomance than does aromatic content. However, an even better prediction of fuel combustion performance is given by smoke point, although the acknowledged imprecision of the smoke point test does militate against its use as a primary specification requirement. Analysis of certain fuels by 13C NMR and low resolution mass spectroscopy demonstrates that it is those fuels with high concentrations of polycyclic aromatics whose combustion performance in terms of flame radiation and exhaust emissions, is underpredicted by fuel total hydrogen content. There are indications that low concentrations of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatics may substantially impair combustion performance.

Effect of Natural Gas Composition on Low Nox Burners Operation in Heavy Duty Gas Turbine

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Romano ◽  
Matteo Cerutti ◽  
Giovanni Riccio ◽  
Antonio Andreini ◽  
Christian Romano
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Annular Combustor ◽  
Heavy Duty Gas Turbine ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Development of lean-premixed combustion technology with low emissions and stable operation in an increasingly wide range of operating conditions requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms that affect the combustion performance or even the operability of the entire gas turbine. Due to the relative wide range of natural gas composition supplies and the increased demand from Oil&Gas customers to burn unprocessed gas as well as liquified natural gas (LNG) with notable higher hydrocarbons (C2+) content, the impact on gas turbine operability and combustion related aspects has been matter of several studies. In this paper, results of experimental test campaign of an annular combustor for heavy-duty gas turbine are presented with focus on the effect of fuel composition on both emissions and flame stability. Test campaign involved two different facilities, a full annular combustor rig and a full-scale prototype engine fed with different fuel mixtures of natural gas with small to moderate C2H6 content. Emission trends and blowout for several operating conditions and burner configurations have been analyzed. Modifications to the burner geometry and fuel injection optimization have shown to be able to reach a good tradeoff while keeping low NOx emissions in stable operating conditions for varying fuel composition.

Gas Turbine Engine Emissions—Part II: Chemical Properties of Particulate Matter

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Timko ◽  
Timothy B. Onasch ◽  
Megan J. Northway ◽  
John T. Jayne ◽  
Manjula R. Canagaratna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Exit Plane ◽  
Free Atmosphere ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Wide Range

The characterization of volatile and nonvolatile particle materials present in gas turbine exhaust is critical for accurate estimation of the potential impacts of airport activities on local air quality, atmospheric processes, and climate change. Two field campaigns were performed to collect an extensive set of particle and gaseous emission data for on-wing gas turbine engines. The tests included CFM56, RB211-535E4-B, AE3007, PW4158, and CJ610 engines, providing the opportunity to compare emissions from a wide range of engine technologies. Here we report mass, number, composition, and size data for the nonvolatile (soot) and volatile particles present in engine exhaust. For all engines, soot emissions (EIm-soot) are greater at climbout (85% power) and takeoff (100%) power than idle (4% or 7%) and approach (30%). At the engine exit plane, soot is the only type of particle detected. For exhaust sampled downwind (15–50 m) and diluted by ambient air, total particle number emissions (EIn-total) increases by about one or two orders of magnitude relative to the engine exit plane, and the increase is driven by volatile particles that have freshly nucleated in the cooling exhaust gas both in the free atmosphere and in the extractive sample lines. Fuel sulfur content is the determining factor for nucleation of new particles in the cooling exhaust gases. Compositional analysis indicates that the volatile particles consist of sulfate and organic materials (EIm-sulfate and EIm-organic). We estimate a lower bound S[IV] to S[VI] conversion efficiency of (0.08±0.01)%, independent of engine technology. Measurements of EIm-organic ranged from about 0.1 mg kg−1 to 40 mg kg−1. Lubrication oil was present in particles emitted by all engines and accounted for over 90% of the particulate organic mass under some conditions. The products of incomplete combustion are a likely source of the remaining volatile organic particle material.

scholarly journals The individual effect of different production systems, age and sex on the chemical composition of wild boar meat

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Tesařová ◽  
František Ježek ◽  
Radka Hulánková ◽  
Radim Plhal ◽  
Jakub Drimaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wild Boar Meat ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Age And Sex

Meat from wild boar (musculus teres major, n = 160) originating from two localities with different production systems was analysed. The contents of crude protein, pure protein, fat, collagen, dry matter and ash were determined in each sample. The effect of locality, age and sex on the chemical properties of the wild boar meat was studied with the use of statistical analysis. The values obtained for the chemical composition of the muscle tissue of the wild boar from localities A and B corresponded to the results obtained in other countries. The protein content fell within the range of 20.49–21.26% at locality A and 18.77–20.34% at locality B. The fat content fell within the wide range of 0.83–2.38% (0.83–1.67% at locality A and 1.51–2.38% at locality B). It is clear from the statistical evaluation that wild boar hunted in the enclosed locality had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) fat content and a lower content of crude (P < 0.05) and pure (P < 0.05) protein in comparison with wild boar from the unenclosed locality. A significant difference in the fat content was also demonstrated between localities in animals aged 0–12 months (P < 0.05), though only in females (P < 0.05) when younger animals (0–12 months) were divided by sex, and also in females aged 12–24 months (P < 0.05). The results confirm that the composition of wild boar meat in the Czech Republic is very variable and influenced by multiple factors.

scholarly journals Physical and chemical properties of tigernut oil as influenced by variety and method of extraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Afuape Zainab Oluwakemi ◽  
Oke Emmanuel Kehinde ◽  
Idowu Michael Ayodele ◽  
Olorode Omobolanle Omowunmi ◽  
Omoniyi Saheed Adewale
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Method Of Extraction ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This study was carried out to investigate the physical and chemical properties of tigernut oil as influenced by variety and methods of extraction. Oil was extracted from yellow and brown varieties of tigernut using mechanical screw press and N-hexane, and it was characterized for physical and chemical composition. The moisture content, acid value, free fatty acid, iodine value, saponification value and peroxide value for tigernut oil from extraction methods ranged from 2.97 to 3.30%, 0.28 to 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.55 to 1.12g/100g, 66.11 to 69.75gI/100g, 174.93 to 210.06mgKOHg and 0.27 to 0.56MgH2O2, respectively. The range of values for specific gravity, percentage impurity, cloud point, smoke point and melting point are: 0.64 to 0.99g/ml, 0.15 to 0.24%, 9.00 to 25.5°C, 170.5 to 204.5°C and 18.0 to 28.5°C, respectively. However, the study showed that both the physical and chemical composition of tigernut oil were affected by the extraction methods used in this study.

The Interaction of Mixing Odorants with Similar Chemical Properties: A Case Study on Ketone Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 850-851 ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Jie Min Liu ◽  
Shi Chuan Tang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Odor Intensity ◽  
Synthetic Mixture ◽  
Odor Threshold ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common

To investigate more about the interaction of mixing odorants, a series of sensory tests were conducted using five ketones [butanone (Bu), 2-Pentanone (Pe), 2-Hexanone (Hex), 2-Heptanone (Hep), 2-Octanone (Oc)] at varying concentration levels. The determination of odor threshold (OT) was initially conducted by the triangle odor bag method (GB/T 14675, China). The odor activity values (OAVs) of individual odorants at a wide range of concentrations were derived from concentration-to-odor threshold ratios. The resulting data were then evaluated to define the empirical relationship for each ketone between the OAV and odor intensity (OI) scaling. Based on the relationships defined for each individual ketone, the OI values were estimated for a synthetic mixture of five ketones. The effect of mixing was then examined by assessing those estimated OI values with the actually measured OI values. The overall results of this study confirmed that the OI values of the synthetic mixture is not governed by the common theoretical basis (e.g., rule of additivity, synergism, or a stronger component model) but is best represented by the averaged contribution of all ketone components. Thus, the odor intensity (OI) of a given mixture sample containing odorants with similar chemical properties can be accessed through the conversion from its concentration value with the application of empirical equations instead of direct measurement by the human test panel.

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