Towards a Better Design Team Formation: A Review of Team Effectiveness Models and Possible Measurements of Design-Team Inputs, Processes, and Outputs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Takai ◽  
Marcos Esterman
Keyword(s):  
Team Effectiveness ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Design Team ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Effectiveness Model ◽  
Review Team ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Work Structure

Cooperation among team members and good teamwork are essential to successfully complete design projects. As such, engineering students are expected to learn how to design and work effectively in a team. While, team-based project courses have been implemented in almost all engineering and engineering technology disciplines, achieving full contribution by all team members has been a persistent challenge in design and other engineering disciplines. This paper proposes a possible approach to establish guidelines to form design teams. In this paper, we first review team-effectiveness models. We then propose a design-team-effectiveness model, which will study associations between inputs, processes, and outputs in order to improve team processes and maximizes team performance through design team composition, work structure and improved team processes. Finally, we propose (1) measurements of design-team inputs, processes, and outputs, and (2) approaches to analyze associations among inputs, processes, and outputs.

Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps: Testing of a New Design-by-Analogy Tool

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Scott Marshall ◽  
Richard Crawford ◽  
Matthew Green ◽  
Daniel Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Word List ◽  
Design Team ◽  
Functional Requirement ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Design Metrics ◽  
Engineering Design Problems ◽  
Design By Analogy ◽  
Mind Maps

Recent research has investigated methods based on design-by-analogy meant to enhance concept generation. This paper presents Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps, a new method to prompt generation of analogous solution principles drawn from multiple analogical domains. The method was evaluated in two separate design studies using senior engineering students. The method begins with identifying a primary functional design requirement such as “eject part.” We used this functional requirement “seed” to generate a WordTree of grammatically analogical words for each design team. We randomly selected a set of words from each WordTree list with varying lexical “distances” from the seed word, and used them to populate the first-level nodes of a mind-map, with the functional requirement seed as the central hub. Design team members first used the word list to individually generate solutions and then performed team concept generation using the analogically seeded mind-map. Quantity and uniqueness of the resulting verbal solution principles were evaluated. The solution principles were further analyzed to determine if the lexical “distance” from the seed word had an effect on the evaluated design metrics. The results of this study show Analogy Seeded Mind-Maps to be useful tool in generating analogous solutions for engineering design problems.

“Heat Transfer” Traveling Engineering Activity Kit: Designed by Engineering Students for Middle School Students

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret B. Bailey ◽  
Elizabeth DeBartolo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Design Team ◽  
School Students ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Engineering Activity

A 2005–06 Multidisciplinary Senior Design team created a series of classroom activities designed to teach middle school students about engineering topics related to energy and the environment. This Traveling Engineering Activity Kit (TEAK) consists of five smaller kits, each based on a different energy-related theme: Heat Transfer, Electrical Energy, Wind and Water, Solar Power, and Chemical Energy. Each kit contains an Academic Activity to teach a background concept, a Hands-On Activity to allow students to apply the concepts learned, and a Take-Home Activity that can be done independently at home. The design team also developed instruction manuals suitable for non-engineers, lesson plans, handouts, and post-activity quizzes to assess participants’ learning. To date, the kits have been used by several hundred middle school students either in their classroom setting or while participating in on-campus outreach programs. This paper highlights the Heat Transfer TEAK including an overview of the intended learning outcomes; physical materials and set-ups included within the interactive kit; as well as details related to the development of the kit by a multi-disciplinary team of senior engineering students. Program and kit assessment progress is discussed based on feedback from design team members; middle school students and teachers. Future plans for refining current kits and expanding kit offerings are also discussed.

A Conceptual Framework and a Research Roadmap Towards Enhancing Team Working in Engineering Education

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Takai ◽  
Marcos Esterman
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Team Effectiveness ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Team Building ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Design Team ◽  
Design Teams ◽  
Effectiveness Model ◽  
Form Design

Abstract While design processes have been studied for many years, relationships among design team characteristics, teamwork, and team performance have not yet been fully understood. As such, there is no consensus on how to form design teams or enhance teamwork. In this paper, we propose a conceptual design-team effectiveness model based on team effectiveness theory in which we divide team process into two components: team member collaboration and design process. Built on this model, we then present a six-step research roadmap towards enhancing teamwork in engineering education by 1) improving methodology to form design teams and 2) finding a team-building design exercise to promote team member collaboration. We propose to improve team formation methodology by 1) comprehensively studying associations among team factors and team performance and 2) investigating how associations among team factors and team performance change with team-building design exercises. Together, we expect both team performance and team member collaboration to improve, which should lead to a better teamwork experience in engineering education.

Regulatory requirements and comparison in approval of new and generic drugs in United States of America and Japan:-Implication for Future strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramjeet Malik ◽  
Neelam Pawar ◽  
Kavita Bahmani
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
Drug Approval ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Review Team

: Safety, efficacy and quality of a therapeutic product is the major concern for the pharmaceutical companies. FDA and PMDA are the main regulatory authorities in USA & JAPAN respectively that ensures the maintenance of these required parameters by forming standard guidelines and process for drug approval. These regulatory authorities’ reviews each step of a pharmaceutical drug product from its discovery phase to marketed product. Dossier plays an important role during the approval process of a drug product, as it allows both applicant and review team members to evaluate the data in an effective manner. A dossier consists of five modules containing informative data of various stages of a drug product but in a brief pattern with folders and subfolders. In the present paper, the authors focus on in-depth review of approval process for new and generic drugs in USA and Japan.

The Effect of Diversity and the Mediating Role of Elaboration on Multidisciplinary Greenhouse Gas Assurance Team Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erboon Ekasingh ◽  
Roger Simnett ◽  
Wendy J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Team Effectiveness ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Educational Diversity

ABSTRACT Greenhouse gas (GHG) assurance is increasingly used by companies as a means to increase stakeholder confidence in the quality of externally reported carbon emissions. The multidisciplinary nature of these engagements means that assurance is performed primarily by multidisciplinary teams. Prior research suggests the effectiveness of such teams could be affected by team composition and team processes. We employ a retrospective field study to examine the impact of educational diversity and team member elaboration on multidisciplinary GHG assurance team effectiveness. Results show that team processes such as sufficiency of elaboration on different team member perspectives significantly increases the perceived effectiveness of the teams. While educational diversity is not found to directly improve perceived team effectiveness, it is found to have a positive effect through increasing perceived sufficiency of elaboration. These findings have important implications for standard setters and audit firms undertaking GHG assurance engagements.

scholarly journals The power of individual cultural values in global virtual teams

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audra I. Mockaitis ◽  
Elizabeth L. Rose ◽  
Peter Zettinig
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Virtual Team ◽  
Global Teams ◽  
Global Virtual Teams ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigates the perceptions of members of 43 culturally diverse global virtual teams, with respect to team processes and outcomes. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the challenges presented by cultural differences in the context of global teams, little is known about the effect of these differences on team dynamics in the absence of face-to-face interaction. Using a student-based sample, we study the relationship between global virtual team members’ individualistic and collectivistic orientations and their evaluations of trust, interdependence, communication and information sharing, and conflict during the team task. Our results suggest that a collectivist orientation is associated with more favorable impressions regarding global virtual team processes and that cultural differences are not concealed by virtual means of communication.

Scaled integration of FDA approved biosimilars: Closing the knowledge and adoption gaps.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (28_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
David Michael Waterhouse ◽  
Caleb Burdette ◽  
Dan Davies ◽  
David R. Drosick ◽  
Molly Mendenhall
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Staff Support ◽  
Barrier Methods ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Review Team ◽  
Utilization Data

15 Background: Biosimilars are clinically equivalent and highly similar to brand yet cost significantly less. Financial savings are shared by patients, practices and payers, ranging anywhere from 21-24% based on 10/01/20 ASP data from CMS. The effective conversion to biosimilar products is vitally important to total cost-of-care savings and can be achieved without negatively affecting patient outcomes. Physician understanding and confidence in biosimilar products is seen as a major conversion barrier. Methods: Interchangeability is an FDA designation that allows generic drugs to be substituted for reference drugs at the pharmacy, without a physician’s consent. Currently no biosimilar has that FDA approval for interchangeability. Building on previous pharmacy auto-substitution processes with therapeutic interchange, a formalized biosimilar policy and SOP was developed to automate conversion from the reference biologic product to the P&T/Physician approved biosimilar. Workflow changes were instituted to alleviate the provider burden of patient-by-patient decisions and placed them with the pharmacy review team. Full staff support and understanding on biosimilar usage was endorsed through mandatory biosimilar education of physicians, advanced practice providers, pharmacists, nurses, financial navigators and prior authorization team members and tracked using meeting attendance and the online E-learning system. Patient education was verified using established teaching visits by tracking documentation in the electronic health record (EHR). Quantitative metrics and reports were developed to assist in tracking the number of unique patients receiving the brand or biosimilar agents. Billed product units per month were also tracked to facilitate auditing and assure accuracy. Baseline brand/biosimilar utilization data for Rituximab, Trastuzumab, and Bevacizumab was collected from July 1, 2019 through December 31, 2020. Results: During the baseline period of 7/01/19 – 12/31/19, biosimilar conversion ranged from 0% (trastuzumab) to 8.4% (rituximab). Following full staff education and physician consent, systematic auto-conversion to biosimilar products was initiated on January 1, 2020. Conversion rates based upon billed biosimilar units likewise improved from 11.7% (baseline) to 90.2% (2021 Q1) for rituximab, 8.4% to 87.4% for trastuzumab, and 0% to 90.0% for bevacizumab. Conclusions: Rapid and near-complete conversion from brand product to FDA approved biosimilar is feasible, measurable and can be scaled.[Table: see text]

The Effects of Expertise and Social Status on Team Member Influence and the Moderating Roles of Intragroup Conflicts

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woonki Hong ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Kwangwook Gang ◽  
Boreum Choi
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Project Teams ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Expectation States ◽  
Team Projects ◽  
Expectation States Theory ◽  
Team Project ◽  
Do So

Drawing on expectation states theory and expertise utilization literature, we examine the effects of team members’ actual expertise and social status on the degree of influence they exert over team processes via perceived expertise. We also explore the conditions under which teams rely on perceived expertise versus social status in determining influence relationships in teams. To do so, we present a contingency model in which the salience of expertise and social status depends on the types of intragroup conflicts. Using multiwave survey data from 50 student project teams with 320 members at a large national research institute located in South Korea, we found that both actual expertise and social status had direct and indirect effects on member influence through perceived expertise. Furthermore, perceived expertise at the early stage of team projects is driven by social status, whereas perceived expertise at the later stage of a team project is mainly driven by actual expertise. Finally, we found that members who are being perceived as experts are more influential when task conflict is high or when relationship conflict is low. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice.

From Embedded Knowledge to Embodied Knowledge: New Product Development as Knowledge Management

1998 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindranath Madhavan ◽  
Rajiv Grover
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
New Product ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Embedded Knowledge ◽  
Team Orientation

Because new product development (NPD) teams are engaged in knowledge creation, NPD management should emphasize cognitive team processes rather than purely social processes. Using the notions of tacit knowledge and distributed cognition as a basis, the authors propose that the T-shaped skills, shared mental models, and NPD routines of team members, as well as the A-shaped skills of the team leader, are key design variables when creating NPD teams. The authors propose that trust in team orientation, trust in technical competence, information redundancy, and rich personal interaction are important process variables for the effective and efficient creation of new knowledge.

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