scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of Coating Performance of Guidewire Surrogates

Author(s):  
Huiyu Shi ◽  
Katherine Vorvolakos ◽  
Maureen Dreher ◽  
Donna Walsh ◽  
Nandini Duraiswamy

Vascular guidewires are commonly used during interventional surgery to help introduce and position intravascular catheters at the treatment site. Nitinol (NiTi) and stainless steel are the most commonly used alloys in guidewires and a thin layer of polymer coating is usually applied on the guidewire surface to reduce friction within the lumen of blood vessels. Hydrophobic (e.g. PTFE) or hydrophilic (e.g., hyaluronic acid (HA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), etc.) coatings may be used for this purpose, but coating separation/flaking has been reported from intravascular medical devices [1]. Coating fragments may cause serious adverse events in patients, including pulmonary embolism and infarction, myocardial embolism, necrosis, and death. Hydrophilic polymer emboli in patients has also been reported [2][3][4]. By 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required device manufacturers to phase out the use of the surfactant, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a potential carcinogen during polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating manufacturing [5]. Such changes in manufacturing processes need to be evaluated for their effects on coating performance. Of special concern is flaking of coatings, a multifactorial phenomenon that may be related to changes in device design, manufacturing, pre-conditioning, storage, and/or clinical use. There is no comprehensive standard for assessment of coating performance on guidewires. The objective of this study was to evaluate hydrophilic coating integrity and durability during in vitro soaking and bending stress tests.

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Bukhari ◽  
David M. Holt ◽  
Michael W. Ware ◽  
Frank W. Schaefer

An optimized cell culture immunofluorescence (IFA) procedure, using the HCT-8 cell line, was evaluated in blind trials to determine the sensitivity and reproducibility of measuring the infectivity of flow-cytometry-prepared inocula of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. In separate trials, suspensions consisting of between 0% and 100% viable oocysts were prepared at the US Environmental Protection Agency, shipped to the American Water Laboratory, and analyzed blindly by cell culture IFA. Data indicated the control (100% live) oocyst suspensions yielded statistically similar results to cell culture dose–response curve data developed previously at the American Water Laboratory. For test samples containing oocyst suspensions of unknown infectivity, cell culture IFA analyses indicated a high degree of correlation (r2= 0.89; n = 26) with the values expected by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Cell culture infectivity correlates well with neonatal mouse infectivity assays, and these blind validation trials provide credibility for the cell culture IFA procedure as a cost-effective and expedient alternative to mouse infectivity assays for determining in vitro infectivity of C. parvum oocysts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kulma ◽  
Oldřich Kopecký ◽  
Terezie Bubová

ABSTRACT The use of repellents is a unique measure of personal protection, which can avoid tick attachment and thus reduce the risk of tick-borne infections. In the European Union, the efficacy of the repellents coming onto the market has to be evaluated according to the guidelines published by the European Chemical Agency before registration. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has a similar role. Despite obvious differences in morphology and behavior, both these guidelines allow the use of nymph or adult female ticks for laboratory testing. Here, we provide evidence that sensitivity to diethyltoluamide (deet) (P < 0.0001) of Ixodes ricinus nymphs within the in vitro trial was significantly higher than in adult females. In the experiment, we also observed that feral ticks were less sensitive to repellent than were laboratory-reared ticks (P < 0.01) and that mobility decreased when the trial was repeated (P < 0.05). This study showed that the results of efficacy tests could vary significantly even when the protocol was conducted in accordance with the recommended methods. To refine the results of efficacy tests, we recommend a reevaluation of the guidelines, with emphasis on the developmental stage and origin of ticks.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun D. McCullough

Abstract This exposure model is meant to serve as an in vitro representation of trans-epithelial effects of airway diesel and particulate matter exposures on fibroblasts in the stroma. The epithelial cells in the airway epithelium are represented by 16HBE cells and the fibroblasts are represented by either the IMR90 cell line or primary fibroblasts.Disclaimer: The contents of this article have been reviewed by the US Environmental Protection Agency and approved for publication and do not necessarily represent Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendations for use.


Author(s):  
Ileana Miclea ◽  
Dragos Cosma ◽  
Marius Zahan ◽  
Anamaria Pernes ◽  
Vasile Miclea

Chlorpyrifos (Reldan 22) is an widely used insecticide for the control of insect pests in agricultureand in residential areas. It is classified as moderately toxic by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and has been quantified in human biological fluids. Given that the use of porcine and bovine models for testing chemicals has increased recently we designed an experiment to test the toxicity of several Chlorpyrifos concentrations and investigate its effects on maturation of swine oocytes. Swine oocytes from ovaries harvested in a commercial slaughterhouse were cultured for 44-45h in M199 supplemented with the following Reldan 22 concentrations: 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 2 µg/ml. Cumulus oophorous expansion was assessed and oocytes were denuded and stained with 1 µg/ml fluorescein diacetate to estimate viability. Afterwards, oocytes were fixed in a 60% methanol/DPBS solution and stained with 50 µg/ml propidium iodide to observe the DNA stage. Differences were analysed by the analysis of variance and interpreted using the Tuckey test. Our research shows that the insecticide Reldan 22® stimulated cumulus expansion to an extent but reduced oocyte viability which was accompanied by an increase in the number of immature oocytes and a decrease in the percentages of gametes that resumed meiosis. This leads us conclude that its presence in the oocyte environment is toxic for development at concentrations 0.5, 1 and 2 µg/ml.


2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sonia María Elsa Soloneski

El presente trabajo de Tesis Doctoral tuvo por objetivo analizar el efecto deletéreo ejercido por el fungicida ditiocarbámico zineb así como una de sus formulaciones comerciales más utilizadas en nuestro país, el azzurro (70% zineb, Chemiplant, Argentina). Dicho efecto se evaluó en cultivos in vitro de diferentes células de mamíferos, incluyendo células humanas. Ambos compuestos causaron un incremento significativo en la frecuencia de intercambios de cromátidas hermanas, alteraciones en la cinética de proliferación celular y en el índice mitótico, tanto en células CHO como en linfocitos humanos cultivados in vitro; así como la inducción de aberraciones cromosómicas en éstos últimos. Tanto zineb como azzurro originaron rupturas de simple cadena en el ADN de células CHO. Por otra parte, dichas células fueron eficientes en la reparación total del daño previamente inducido por éstos compuestos. Otra característica fue la inducción de mitosis anormales, evidenciando que el efecto deletéreo ejercido por zineb podría estimular procesos aneugénicos. Asimismo, luego del tratamiento con ambos compuestos se observaron variaciones en las proporciones de células muertas que dependieron tanto del tipo celular estudiado como de los sistemas de cultivo empleados. En presencia de un sistema antioxidante (vitamina E) incorporado a los cultivos de células CHO juntamente con los pesticidas, se observó una disminución significativa de la frecuencia de intercambios de cromátidas hermanas. Contrariamente, la incorporación de vitamina E no modificó el daño inducido en la cinética de proliferación celular ni la actividad mitótica provocada por ambos compuestos. Estos hallazgos indicarían que el efecto deletéreo podría, en parte, estar mediado por la liberación/producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno. Finalmente, tanto zineb como azzurro, promovieron la inducción de micronúcleos en linfocitos humanos cultivados in vitro, demostrándose mediante el empleo de la metodología MAC que las subpoblaciones linfocitarias B CD20+ y T supresoras citotóxicas CD8+ serían las más sensibles a la inducción de aberraciones que el resto de las subpoblaciones linfocitarias humanas estudiadas. Asimismo, se observó mediante la metodología MAC que, tanto las células en interfase como en división de ambas subpoblaciones linfocitarias humanas B y T fueron alteradas. Zineb y azzurro manifestaron, en líneas generales, el mismo patrón de daño inducido evaluado en los diferentes ensayos. De este modo, se podría sugerir que el efecto deletéreo producido por azzurro estaría causado por el principio activo presente en la formulación comercial, descartando la posibilidad de la presencia de algún otro agente/s inductor de daño constituyente de la composición comercial. Estos resultados demuestran que, contrariamente a lo observado previamente por otros autores, el zineb presenta la capacidad de producir daño no sólo al ADN de los diferentes tipos celulares estudiados, sino que, además, produce diversos efectos deletéreos en otros blancos celulares diferentes del ADN. De este modo, su uso masivo podría estar comprometiendo la salud de los organismos expuestos a éstos pesticidas ditiocarbámicos, entre los cuales se encuentran sin lugar a dudas, los seres humanos. Es por eso que la clasificación propuesta por las organizaciones internacionales tales como la Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (International Agency for Research on Cancer) en Francia o la Agencia para la Protección Ambiental (Environmental Protection Agency) de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica minimizando el riesgo carcinogénico del zineb para los humanos, debería ser reevaluada en un futuro próximo y en consecuencia, regular el uso de este pesticida ditiocarbamato.


Author(s):  
J. R. Millette ◽  
R. S. Brown

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has labeled as “friable” those building materials that are likely to readily release fibers. Friable materials when dry, can easily be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder using hand pressure. Other asbestos containing building materials (ACBM) where the asbestos fibers are in a matrix of cement or bituminous or resinous binders are considered non-friable. However, when subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting or other forms of abrasion, these non-friable materials are to be treated as friable asbestos material. There has been a hypothesis that all raw asbestos fibers are encapsulated in solvents and binders and are not released as individual fibers if the material is cut or abraded. Examination of a number of different types of non-friable materials under the SEM show that after cutting or abrasion, tuffs or bundles of fibers are evident on the surfaces of the materials. When these tuffs or bundles are examined, they are shown to contain asbestos fibers which are free from binder material. These free fibers may be released into the air upon further cutting or abrasion.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.


1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus L.E. Kaiser ◽  
John C. Dearden ◽  
Werner Klein ◽  
T. Wayne Schultz

Abstract ECOSAR (1998), a personal computer software program available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and affiliated vendors, is used to estimate the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms, particularly fish, daphnid and algae species. It relies on approximately 150 equations, each for a chemical class of substances (Clements et al. 1996), which are linear correlations (SARs) of measured toxicity values of class-representative compounds with their octanol/water partition coefficients, with the latter taken from a database or computed by a companion program.


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