Experimental Study of the Effect of Particle Size on Erosion of Elbows in Series for Annular Gas-Liquid Flows

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen Othayq ◽  
Ghulam Haider ◽  
Ronald E. Vieira ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Curvature Radius ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
In Series ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Liquid Flows ◽  
Paint Removal

Abstract Erosion is a complex process, especially with the presence of small particles and in complex geometries such as elbows in series. Erosion due to the solid particle is affected by different parameters such as material properties, particle material, shape and size, superficial gas and liquid velocities, flow regime and geometry. The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of particle size in two 3-inch (76.2 mm) diameter elbows in series with curvature radius to pipe diameter ratio (r/D) equal to 1.5. A test section was constructed in a flow loop with a distance between the elbows equal to 12D. Paint removal experiments were conducted to determine the erosion patterns and hot spots of erosion using acrylic elbows. Additionally, erosion experiments were conducted with 300, 75, and 25 μm particle sizes in gas-liquid-sand annular flow in stainless steel elbows. The wall thickness loss of the elbows has been measured using state of the art non-destructive fix-mounted, temperature compensated, ultrasonic transducers. Experimental results showed that higher erosion was obtained with 300 μm particle size where the erosion in the second elbow is lower than the first elbow with the 12D distance. With respect to the maximum erosion ratio of the second elbow to the first elbow, the results showed that the ratio of erosion rates in two elbows (second to first) decreases with increasing the particle size. A higher ratio of the two elbows was obtained with 25 μm compared to 300 and 75 μm particle sizes. However, in the first elbow, the erosion rates decrease with decreasing particle sizes.

Effect of Particle Size on the Oil Yield and Catechin Compound Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Azizi Che Yunus ◽  
Manzurudin Hasan ◽  
Norasikin Othman ◽  
Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar ◽  
Liza Md.-Salleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Accelerated Solvent Extraction ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Experimental Range ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Extraction Cycle

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan saiz zarah ke atas pengekstrakan sebatian catechin daripada biji Areca catechu L. dengan menggunakan Pengekstrakan Pelarut Terpecut (PPT). Saiz zarah biji Areca catechu dipelbagaikan dari 75 μm sehingga 500 μm. Pengekstrakan telah dijalankan padaparameter tetap iaitu suhu (140oC), tekanan (1500 psi), masa (10 minit), isipadu semburan (60%) dan satu kitaran pengekstrakan, masing-masing. Hasil minyak peratusan yang lebih tinggi adalah 300 mg minyak / gram sampel (30.00% pati minyak) ditemui pada 125 μm. Walaubagaimanapun, kandungan catechin dalam pati minyak hanya 0.0375 mg catechin / gram sampel. Saiz zarah yang terbaik dalam julat uji kaji ini telah dikenal pasti pada 500 μm yang memberikan kandungan catechin yang tinggi iaitu 0.0515 mg catechin / gram sampel dari 247.5 mg minyak / gram sampel (24.75% pati minyak). Kata kunci: Saiz zarah; catechin; LC-MS-TOF; pengekstrakan pelarut terpecut The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of particle size on the extraction of catechincompound from Areca catechu L. seeds by using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). The particle sizes of Areca catechu L. seeds are varied from 75 µm until 500 µm. The extraction is conducted at fixed parameters which are temperature (140oC), pressure (1500 psi), extraction time (10 minutes), flush volume (60%) and the static cycle is done for 1 extraction cycle respectively. Higher percentage oil yield of 300mg oil/gram of sample (30.00% oil yield) is found at 125 µm. However, the amount of catechin in oil yields is only 0.0375 mg of catechin/gram of sample. The best of particle size within the experimental range has been identified at 500 µm which gives a high content of catechin with 0.0515 mg Catechin/gram of sample from 247.5 mg oil/gram of sample (24.75% oil yield). Keywords: Particle size; catechin; LC-MS-TOF; accelerated solvent extraction

The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 1: The predictive nature of packing models on coating properties

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 585-593
Author(s):  
ETHAN GLOR ◽  
BRIAN EINSLA ◽  
JOHN ROPER ◽  
JIAN YANG ◽  
VALERIY GINZBURG
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hollow Sphere ◽  
Particle Packing ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Coating Properties ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Thermal Paper ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Better Than

Hollow sphere pigments (HSPs) are widely used at low levels in coated paper to increase coating bulk and to provide gloss to the final sheet. However, HSPs also provide an ideal system through which one can examine the effect of pigment size and particle packing within a coating due to their unimodal and tunable particle sizes. The work presented in Part 1 and Part 2 of this study will discuss the use of blends of traditional inorganic pigments and HSPs in coating formulations across a variety of applications for improved coating strength. Part 1 of this study focuses on the theory of bimodal spherical packing and demonstrates the predictive nature of packing models on the properties of coating systems containing HSPs of two different sizes. This study also examines conditions where the model fails by examining the effect of particle size on coating strength in sytems like thermal paper basecoats where the non-HSP component has a broad particle size distribution, and how these surprising trends can be used to generate better-than-expected thermal printing performance in systems with low HSP/clay ratios. Part 2 of this study focuses on the incorporation of HSPs of different particle sizes into paperboard formulations to affect coating strength and opacity.

Experimental and CFD Investigations to Evaluate the Effects of Fluid Viscosity and Particle Size on Erosion Damage in Oil and Gas Production Equipment

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Okita ◽  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Brenton S. McLaury ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi ◽  
Edmund F. Rybicki
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Inconel 625 ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Particle Speed

Zhang et al (2006) utilized CFD to examine the validity of erosion models that have been implemented into CFD codes to predict solid particle erosion in air and water for Inconel 625. This work is an extension of Zhang’s work and is presented as a step toward obtaining a better understanding of the effects of fluid viscosity and sand particle size on measured and calculated erosion rates. The erosion rates of Aluminum 6061-T6 were measured for direct impingement conditions of a submerged jet. Fluid viscosities of 1, 10, 25, and 50 cP and sand particle sizes of 20, 150, and 300 μm were tested. The average fluid speed of the jet was maintained at 10 m/s. Erosion data show that erosion rates for the 20 and 150 μm particles are reduced as the viscosity is increased, while surprisingly the erosion rates for the 300 μm particles do not seem to change much for the higher viscosities. For all viscosities considered, larger particles produced higher erosion rates, for the same mass of sand, than smaller particles. Concurrently, an erosion equation has been generated based on erosion testing of the same material in air. The new erosion model has been compared to available models and has been implemented into a commercially available CFD code to predict erosion rates for a variety of flow conditions, flow geometries, and particle sizes. Since particle speed and impact angle greatly influence erosion rates of the material, calculated particle speeds were compared with measurements. Comparisons reveal that, as the particles penetrate the near wall shear layer, particles in the higher viscosity liquids tend to slow down more rapidly than particles in the lower viscosity liquids. In addition, CFD predictions and particle speed measurements are used to explain why the erosion data for larger particles is less sensitive to the increased viscosities.

Effects of Viscosity, Particle Size, and Particle Shape on Erosion in Gas and Liquid Flows

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Okita ◽  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Brenton S. McLaury ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi ◽  
Edmund F. Rybicki
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Solid Particle ◽  
Abrasive Particle ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Solid Particle Erosion ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Erosion ◽  
Particle Velocities ◽  
Liquid Flows

Although solid particle erosion has been examined extensively in the literature for dry gas and vacuum conditions, several parameters affecting solid particle erosion in liquids are not fully understood and need additional investigation. In this investigation, erosion ratios of two materials have been measured in gas and also in liquids with various liquid viscosities and abrasive particle sizes and shapes. Solid particle erosion ratios for aluminum 6061-T6 and 316 stainless steel have been measured for a direct impingement flow condition using a submerged jet geometry, with liquid viscosities of 1, 10, 25, and 50 cP. Sharp and rounded sand particles with average sizes of 20, 150, and 300 μm, as well as spherical glass beads with average sizes of 50, 150 and 350 μm, were used as abrasives. To make comparisons of erosion in gas and liquids, erosion ratios of the same materials in air were measured for sands and glass beads with the particle sizes of 150 and 300 μm. Based on these erosion measurements in gas and liquids, several important observations were made: (1) Particle size did not affect the erosion magnitude for gas while it did for viscous liquids. (2) Although aluminum and stainless steel have significant differences in hardness and material characteristics, the mass losses of these materials were nearly the same for the same mass of impacting particles in both liquid and gas. (3) The most important observation from these erosion tests is that the shape of the particles did not significantly affect the trend of erosion results as liquid viscosity varied. This has an important implication on particle trajectory modeling where it is generally assumed that particles are spherical in shape. Additionally, the particle velocities measured with the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) near the wall were incorporated into the erosion equations to predict the erosion ratio in liquid for each test condition. The calculated erosion ratios are compared to the measured erosion ratios for the liquid case. The calculated results agree with the trend of the experimental data.

scholarly journals Effect of Particle Size on the HDS Activity of Molybdenum Sulfide

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Contreras ◽  
Fernanda Isquierdo ◽  
Pedro Pereira-Almao ◽  
Carlos E. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Molybdenum Sulfide ◽  
Vacuum Gas Oil ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Heavy Oils ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

More than half of the total world oil reserves are heavy oil, extra heavy oil, and bitumen; however their catalytic conversion to more valuable products is challenging. The use of submicronic particles or nanoparticles of catalysts suspended in the feedstock may be a viable alternative to the conversion of heavy oils at refinery level or downhole (in situ upgrading). In the present work, molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) particles with varying diameters (10000–10 nm) were prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone as capping agent. The prepared particles were characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, and XPS and tested in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of a vacuum gas oil (VGO). A correlation between particle size and activity is presented. It was found that particles with diameters around 13 nm show double the HDS activity compared with the material with micrometric particle sizes (diameter ≈ 10,000 nm).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE OF GROSSMAN'S CEMENT POWDER ON SETTING TIME

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Djalma PÉCORA ◽  
Ricardo Gariba SILVA ◽  
Ricardo Novak SAVIOLI ◽  
Luis Pascoal VANSAN
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Powder Particle ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Cement Powder ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

A study was conducted on the hardening time of three Grossman's cements with different powder particle sizes (60, 100 and 150 mesh) using Specification n. 57 of the AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION1 (1983). The cement obtained from mesh 150 particles showed the longest hardening time (22 minutes), which was different when compared to mesh 60 (17 minutes) and 100 (17 minutes) particles.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Effect of Particle Size on Groundnut-Oil Solvent Extraction

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
S.V. Manyele ◽  
I.F. Kahemel
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Rate Of Extraction

An investigation of the effect of particle size on the performance of vegetable oil recovery by solvent extraction is reported. Experiments were conducted using soxhlet extractor, groundnuts and n-hexane. Samples were grouped into mean particle sizes of 0.25, 0.75, 1.3, 3.3, and 7.5 mm using standard sieves. The effect of particle size was studied for extraction time intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 hours. The oil yield, oil recovered per kg solvent used, kg solvent lost per unit time, and the rate of extraction (kg oil recovered per hour) decreased with increasing particle size. Meanwhile, the percent of solvent recovered, the ratio of oilrecovered to the total volatile matter driven off and the kg solvent lost per kg oil recovered, increased with increasing particle size. Based on the normalization of averaged extraction-parameters, a mean particle size of 3.3 mm was observed to be the optimum size.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON SLURRY EROSION PREDICTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Qiuchen Wang ◽  
Qiyu Huang ◽  
Xu Sun ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Soroor Karimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Exclusion Process ◽  
Local Maximum ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Slurry Erosion ◽  
Carrier Fluid ◽  
Erosion Damage ◽  
Erosion Models ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Erosion Profiles

Abstract During petroleum production, sand particles can be entrained with the transported carrier fluid despite of any sand exclusion process and erode the inner walls of pipelines. This erosion process may even cause pipe leakage and oil spill. Therefore, investigate the regularities of erosion damage changing with particle sizes and predict erosion behavior under different sizes particles are important to pipeline safety. In this study, slurry erosion experiments are conducted using quartz particles with similar shapes and different sizes ranging from 25 micrometers to 600 micrometers to investigate the effect of particle size on erosion profiles and provide the database for evaluating models. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the fluid flow and track particles to obtain impact information. Erosion equations then connect the particles' impact information with erosion rate. Finally, the available mechanistic and empirical equations erosion models are evaluated by comparing predicted erosion profile with experimental data. It was found that the local maximum erosion damage increases with particle sizes although the total erosion ratio is not increasing. These changes of erosion profiles can be predicted with acceptable accuracy by available empirical erosion models when particle sizes are no less than 75 micrometers.

scholarly journals Effect of flour and sugar particle size on the properties of cookie dough and cookie

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Boz
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Cookie Quality ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Sensory Parameters ◽  
Hardness Values

The effect of particle size of flour and sugar on the physical, sensorial and textural properties of cookie dough and cookie was investigated. According to the obtained data, both the sugar particle size and the flour particle size in cookie dough affected the hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and springiness of the cookie doughs and this effect was statistically at a significant level (P < 0.01). The energy and force required for the dough extrusion dropped due to the reduction in the particle size of flour, while the reduction in the particle of sugar had the opposite effect. As the sugar and flour particle sizes decreased, the colour of the cookies became darker and the L colour values decreased. While the hardness values of the cookie samples increased with the decrease in the particle size of sugar, it decreased with the decrease in the particle size of flour. It was observed that sugar and flour particle size significantly affect cookie quality in cookie production. The formulation containing sugar and flour fractions below 150 µm has received the highest score in all sensory parameters.

Effects of Particle Sizes, Wood to Cement Ratio and Chemical Additives on the Properties of Sesendok (Endospermum Diadenum) Cement-bonded Particleboard

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Jamaludin Kasim ◽  
Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani ◽  
Ahmad Firdaus Mat Hedzir ◽  
Ahmad Syafiq Badrul Hisham ◽  
Mohd Arif Fikri Mohamad Adnan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Board Density ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Aluminium Silicate

An experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the properties of cement-bonded particleboard made from Sesendok wood. The target board density was set at a standard 1200 kg m·3• The effect of particle size, wood to cement ratio and the addition of sodium silicate and aluminium silicate on the wood cement board properties has been evaluated. A change of particle size from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm has a significant effect on the mechanical properties, however the physical properties deteriorate. Increasing the wood to cement ratio from 1:2.25 to 1:3 decreases the modulus of rupture (MOR) by 11% and the addition of sodium silicate improves values farther by about 28% compared to the addition of aluminium silicate. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) in general increases with increasing cement content, but is not significantly affected by the addition of sodium silicate or aluminium silicate, although the addition of their mixture (sodium silicate and aluminium silicate) consistently yields greater MOE values. Water absorption and thickness swelling is significantly affected by the inclusion of additives and better values are attained using higher wood to cement ratios.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document