Magnetic Resonance Thermometry: An Emerging Three-Dimensional Temperature Diagnostic Technique

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Benson ◽  
Mattias Cooper ◽  
Bret P. Van Poppel ◽  
Christopher J. Elkins
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Thermometry

Abstract Magnetic Resonance Thermometry (MRT) is a developing diagnostic technique that leverages advanced medical technologies to accurately measure the temperature of a fluid flow within and around complex geometries. The full three-dimensional temperature field obtained by MRT can be used to analyze heat transfer characteristics and potentially investigate thermal boundary layers near arbitrarily complex surfaces. This technique requires neither optical nor physical accessibility, thereby enabling a wide range of engineering applications. This paper describes the current state of the art for MRT measurement, detailing turbulent water channel tests, materials selection, scanning parameters, data analysis of time-averaged temperature measurements, and uncertainty estimates. The purpose of this work was to evaluate and refine the MRT technique to increase the accuracy of temperature measurements and minimize the error in fully turbulent flow measurements. In the present study, a plate with a vertical cylinder extending from both of its sides was placed between two channels, and a diagonal hole was drilled through the cylinder from one side of the plate to the other. This enabled fluid from one channel to mix with the fluid in the other. This experiment studied the mixing of two fluids at different temperatures. The upstream temperatures of each fluid were measured with thermocouples. Both flows were fully turbulent, and the colder temperature channel had a Reynolds number of 11,800. Tests were run with four different fluid temperatures for calibration and to determine any temperature dependence of measurements. Three-dimensional temperature field measurements are reported and details about data processing and procedures to conduct the experiments are provided. This work resulted in several notable improvements to MRT experimental methods. The test section and water channel were designed to limit the effects of thermal expansion in the stereolithography materials used for manufacturing the complex internal flow geometry. Multiple echo scans were used to minimize the effects of magnetic field drift commonly observed in extended scanning periods in MRI systems. Data analysis techniques were used to quantify expansion effects for both hot and cold flow cases. To quantify measurement uncertainty, the standard deviation of the mean was calculated at each data point across different scan numbers and confidence intervals established using a student t-test. An improved data processing code was used to filter data resulting in increased measurement accuracy and reduced uncertainty to less than 1 °C for most of the domain. Future work will further refine the experimental techniques to improve scanning procedures, employ high conductivity ceramics and larger geometries with relevant applications, and simplify data processing methods to generate full-field flow temperature data.

Three Dimensional Velocity and Temperature Field Measurements of Internal and External Turbine Blade Features Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Benson ◽  
Bret P. Van Poppel ◽  
Christopher J. Elkins ◽  
Mark Owkes
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Temperature Field ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
Flow Line ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Thermometry

Magnetic Resonance Thermometry (MRT) is a maturing diagnostic used to measure three-dimensional temperature fields. It has great potential for investigating fluid flows within complex geometries leveraging medical grade MRI equipment and software along with novel measurement techniques. The efficacy of the method in engineering applications increases when coupled with other well established MRI-based techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV). In this study, a challenging geometry is presented with direct application to a complex gas turbine blade cooling scheme. Turbulent external flow with a Reynolds number of 136,000 passes a hollowed NACA-0012 airfoil with internal cooling features. Inserts within the airfoil, fed by a second flow line with an average temperature difference of 30 K from the main flow and a temperature-dependent Reynolds number in excess of 1,800, produce a conjugate heat transfer scenario including impingement cooling on the inside surface of the airfoil. The airfoil cooling scheme also includes zonal recirculation, surface film cooling, and trailing edge ejection features. The entire airfoil surface is constructed of a stereolithography resin — Accura 60 — with low thermal conductivity. The three-dimensional internal and external velocity field is measured using MRV. The fluid temperature field is measured within and outside of the airfoil with MRT and the results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution to assess the current state of the art for combined MRV/MRT techniques for investigating these complex internal and external flows. The accompanying CFD analysis provides a prediction of the velocity and temperature fields, allowing for errors in the MRT technique to be estimated.

Three-Dimensional Velocity and Temperature Field Measurements of Internal and External Turbine Blade Features Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Benson ◽  
Bret P. Van Poppel ◽  
Christopher J. Elkins ◽  
Mark Owkes
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Temperature Field ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
Flow Line ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Thermometry

Magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT) is a maturing diagnostic tool used to measure three-dimensional temperature fields. It has a great potential for investigating fluid flows within complex geometries leveraging medical grade magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment and software along with novel measurement techniques. The efficacy of the method in engineering applications increases when coupled with other well-established MRI-based techniques such as magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV). In this study, a challenging geometry is presented with the direct application to a complex gas turbine blade cooling scheme. Turbulent external flow with a Reynolds number of 136,000 passes a hollowed NACA-0012 airfoil with internal cooling features. Inserts within the airfoil, fed by a second flow line with an average temperature difference of 30 K from the main flow and a temperature-dependent Reynolds number in excess of 1,800, produces a conjugate heat transfer scenario including impingement cooling on the inside surface of the airfoil. The airfoil cooling scheme also includes zonal recirculation, surface film cooling, and trailing edge ejection features. The entire airfoil surface is constructed of a stereolithography resin—Accura 60—with low thermal conductivity. The three-dimensional internal and external velocity field is measured using an MRV. The fluid temperature field is measured within and outside of the airfoil with an MRT, and the results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution to assess the current state of the art for combined MRV/MRT techniques for investigating these complex internal and external flows. The accompanying CFD analysis provides a prediction of the velocity and temperature fields, allowing for errors in the MRT technique to be estimated.

Data Analysis and Interpretation in Metabolomics

2013 ◽  
pp. 1494-1521
Author(s):  
Jose M. Garcia-Manteiga
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down

Metabolomics represents the new ‘omics’ approach of the functional genomics era. It consists in the identification and quantification of all small molecules, namely metabolites, in a given biological system. While metabolomics refers to the analysis of any possible biological system, metabonomics is specifically applied to disease and physiopathological situations. The data collected within these approaches is highly integrative of the other higher levels and is hence amenable to be explored with a top-down systems biology point of view. The aim of this chapter is to give a global view of the state of the art in metabolomics describing the two analytical techniques usually used to give rise to this kind of data, nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, and mass spectrometry. In addition, the author will focus on the different data analysis tools that can be applied to such studies to extract information with special interest at the attempts to integrate metabolomics with other ‘omics’ approaches and its relevance in systems biology modeling.

Data Analysis and Interpretation in Metabolomics

2011 ◽  
pp. 29-56
Author(s):  
Jose M. Garcia-Manteiga
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down

Metabolomics represents the new ‘omics’ approach of the functional genomics era. It consists in the identification and quantification of all small molecules, namely metabolites, in a given biological system. While metabolomics refers to the analysis of any possible biological system, metabonomics is specifically applied to disease and physiopathological situations. The data collected within these approaches is highly integrative of the other higher levels and is hence amenable to be explored with a top-down systems biology point of view. The aim of this chapter is to give a global view of the state of the art in metabolomics describing the two analytical techniques usually used to give rise to this kind of data, nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, and mass spectrometry. In addition, the author will focus on the different data analysis tools that can be applied to such studies to extract information with special interest at the attempts to integrate metabolomics with other ‘omics’ approaches and its relevance in systems biology modeling.

Utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the effects of angling-induced barotrauma on rockfish (Sebastes)

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1245-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie L. Rogers ◽  
Christopher G. Lowe ◽  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Lawrence R. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Image Segmentation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bladder Rupture ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

The physical consequences of barotrauma on the economically important rockfish ( Sebastes ) were evaluated with a novel method using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with image segmentation and analysis. For this pilot study, two fishes were captured on hook-and-line from 100 m, euthanized, and scanned in a 3 Tesla human MRI scanner. Analyses were made on each fish, one exhibiting swim bladder overinflation and exophthalmia and the other showing low to moderate swim bladder overinflation. Air space volumes in the body were quantified using image segmentation techniques that allow definition of individual anatomical regions in the three-dimensional MRIs. The individual exhibiting the most severe signs of barotrauma revealed the first observation of a gas-filled orbital space behind the eyes, which was not observable by gross dissection. Severe exophthalmia resulted in extreme stretching of the optic nerves, which was clearly validated with dissections and not seen in the other individual. Expanding gas from swim bladder overinflation must leak from the swim bladder, rupture the peritoneum, and enter the cranium. This MRI method of evaluating rockfish following rapid decompression is useful for quantifying the magnitude of internal barotrauma associated with decompression and complementing studies on the effects of capture and discard mortality of rockfishes.

The Application of 3D Laser Scanning Technology in Ginkgo Landslide Monitoring

2014 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 759-762
Author(s):  
Yi Heng Pan ◽  
Zhi Gang Li ◽  
Zhan Shi Liu ◽  
Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Landslide Monitoring ◽  
Deformation Characteristics ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Mapping Technology

Three-dimensional laser scanning technology, short for 3D laser scanning technology, is another innovation in surveying and mapping technology after GPS space positioning technology. This paper introduces the 3D laser scanning technology applied in the Ginkgo landslide monitoring. In this paper, the monitoring schematic design, data acquisition, data processing and data analysis are systematically introduced. It follows that Ginkgo landslide overall deformation characteristics, 3D laser scanning technologys strengths and weaknesses in the landslide monitoring. It is promising for the application of 3D laser scanning technology in landslide monitoring.

A Comparison of Four 3-Axis-Accelerometers for Monitoring Hospital Pneumatic Tube Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1345-1350
Author(s):  
Caroline E Franks ◽  
James A Krekeler ◽  
Ann M Gronowski ◽  
Christopher W Farnsworth
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Device Performance ◽  
Pneumatic Tube ◽  
Deming Regression

Abstract Background Validation of hospital pneumatic tube systems (PTS) is recommended to predict and prevent errors caused by sample hemolysis. 3-Axis accelerometer dataloggers have been successfully implemented as tools for PTS validation, but the most suitable device for such validation has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of four commercially available 3-axis accelerometers for PTS validation. Methods PCE-VD3 (PCE), CEM DT-178A (CEM), Extech VB300 (EXT), and MSR 145 (MSR) dataloggers were placed into a single PTS carrier and repeatedly transported through one of three PTS routes. The number and magnitude of accelerations within each PTS route was collected by each device. Deming regression analysis was used to compare device performance. Results The MSR datalogger captured the greatest number of g-forces >3 g, 5 g, 10 g, and 15 g, and the greatest magnitude of g-force (26.7 g) relative to the other devices (CEM: 23.0 g, EXT: 23.3 g, PCE: 23.7 g). As a result of increased sampling frequency, the MSR recorded the lowest AUC and the greatest number of g-forces exceeding 3 g relative to the other devices. Subjectively, the data were difficult to extract from 4 tested devices. Conclusions Commercially available dataloggers differ in their ability to detect the number and magnitude of g-forces within PTSs. We recommend that one device be used to perform all PTS evaluations, with baseline evaluations for tolerable AUC, number, and magnitude of g-forces established internally. Lack of harmonization, cumbersome data processing, and time-consuming data analysis are substantial barriers to universal implementation of dataloggers for PTS validation and monitoring.

scholarly journals Analysis technique of translation and measurement shift (shifts) in text of AXA Life contract Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Pantas Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Qualitative Data Analysis ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Structural Shifts

The research was carried out to analyse a legislative text as a product of translation. It is referred to Seiddel's qualitative data analysis where the data processing was performed by selecting, identification, and tabulating. (2%), compensation (1%), description (2%) discursive creation (5%) generalization (5%), literal translation (10%), modulation (8%), particularization (5%) reduction (5%) completion (4%), and dilation (14%). Meanwhile, the four categories shift are implemented as the following frequency: Intra-system shifts; 90 (52.02%), followed by Unit Shifts 46 (26.59%), Structural Shifts 24 (13.88%), and then Class Shifts 13 (7.51%). The other finding was inaccurateness. It was found that there were inaccurate translation for 5 phrases, and resulted not equivalence ones in rendering the source language into the target language.

scholarly journals Internet dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pengangguran di Indonesia Tahun 2015-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Anna Kristiana Yunita
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Use Of The Internet

The internet has two effects, whether it supports or will it reduce productivity which will have an impact on the unemployment rate. This study aims to examine the effect of the internet on the unemployment rate in Indonesia in 2015-2019. Panel data analysis with the Feasible generalized least square (FGLS) method using STATA software was used to solve the problem of not fulfilling the assumptions of normality and heteroscedasticity in this study. Based on the results of data processing, the proportion of internet users shows a positive and statistically significant sign. The coefficient value of the proportion of internet users is 0.4898; which means that an increase in the proportion of internet users by 1 percent will cause the open unemployment rate to increase by 0.4898 percent, assuming the other variables are fixed. It can be concluded that the higher the proportion of internet users in an area, the higher the area's open unemployment rate. This is because the use of the internet in Indonesia is still not fully used to increase the productivity of the population such as looking for jobs or improving skills through training so that the internet actually causes the unemployment rate to increase.

An Experimental Analysis of Vortex Trapping Techniques

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd W. Riddle ◽  
Alan J. Wadcock ◽  
Jin Tso ◽  
Russell M. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Conformal Mapping ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Backward Facing Step ◽  
Theoretical Position ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

An experimental verification is presented for the theoretical vortex trapping concept. A suction orifice located along one wall of a water channel test section was used to simulate a point sink to trap spanwise vortices downstream of a backward-facing step and between two parallel fences. Results from the backward-facing step geometry indicated an increase in the sink strength required to hold a vortex as the sink is positioned closer to the step, closely following previous theoretical predictions made using conformal mapping. The experimental data also showed reasonable agreement with the theoretical position for optimum vortex trapping. Flow visualization has shown a three-dimensional cross-stream effect due to bending of the forced-vortex core by suction. Results from the dual-fence geometry, on the other hand, verified the ability to use a lower level of suction for vortex trapping when compared with the backward-facing step.

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