scholarly journals Rail Passenger Equipment Collision Tests: Analysis of Structural Measurements

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine J. Severson ◽  
David C. Tyrell ◽  
A. Benjamin Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Rigid Wall ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Protection Strategies

Abstract A two-car full-scale collision test was conducted on April 4, 2000. Two coupled rail passenger cars impacted a rigid wall at 26 mph. The cars were instrumented with strain gauges, accelerometers, and string potentiometers, to measure the deformation of critical structural elements, the longitudinal, vertical, and lateral car body accelerations, and the displacements of the truck suspensions. Instrumented crash test dummies were also tested in several seat configurations, with and without lap and shoulder belts. The objectives of the two-car test were to measure the gross motions of the car, to measure the force/crush characteristic, to observe the car-to-car interaction, to observe failure modes of the major structural components, and to evaluate selected occupant protection strategies. The measurements taken during the test were used to refine and validate existing computer models of conventional passenger rail vehicles. This test was the second in a series of collision tests designed to characterize the collision behavior of rail vehicles. The two-car test resulted in approximately 6 feet of deformation at the impacting end of the lead vehicle, and a few inches of deformation at the coupler. The cars remained coupled, but buckled in a saw-tooth mode, with a 15-inch lateral displacement between the cars after the test. The test data from the two-car test compared favorably with data from the single-car test, and with analysis results developed with a lumped-mass computer model. The model is described in detail. The methods of filtering and interpreting the test data are also included.

Engineering Analysis of an End-Release Safety Belt Buckle

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Syson
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Real World ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Sled Test ◽  
Safety Belt ◽  
Component Test ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
Test Sled

Abstract A typical end-release safety belt buckle has been analyzed to determine its failure modes. These failure modes were evaluated based on crash test, sled test and component test data. A verification of the hypothesized failure modes was found in the patent literature. The component tests that were conducted confirmed the hypothetical failure modes and verified that the failures could and would occur in real world collisions as well as testing.

Development of a MADYMO3D Model of the SID-IIs Dummy

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Para V. Weerappuli ◽  
Li Chai ◽  
Saeed Barbat ◽  
Deborah Wan ◽  
Priya Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Elastic Material ◽  
Rigid Wall ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This paper describes the development of a mathematical model of the new small-sized side impact dummy, SID-IIs. The model, utilizing both lumped-mass and finite element methods of analysis, was developed using the commercially-available software MADYMO3D. As the SID-IIs dummy is based on a 12–13 year-old adolescent/5th percentile female, the head, neck, pelvis, and lower extremities were taken from MADYMO3D lumped-mass models of the Hybrid-III 5th percentile female dummy. The shoulder rib, the three thoracic ribs, the two abdominal ribs, and the foam insert in the dummy jacket were modeled using the finite element method. The ribs were characterized using elastic and visco-elastic material models. The foam insert and the jacket were modeled using foam and elastic material models, respectively. The visco-elastic and foam material constants were determined using data from dynamic tests and an optimization scheme based on the “Box” iteration method. Preliminary validations of the model were carried out at both sub-assembly and fully-assembled dummy levels. At the sub-assembly level, test results of blunt impacts on the isolated thorax were compared with model results. At the fully-assembled dummy level, data from verification pendulum tests and rigid-wall sled tests were compared with model results. Generally, for all validation simulations, the model predictions of rib displacements and accelerations showed good agreement with corresponding test results during the loading phase. During unloading, however, there were discrepancies between test data and model results. Additionally, for the rigid wall tests, head acceleration, neck moment, and pelvic acceleration compared well with test data. Overall, the predicted responses provide a reasonable level of confidence in the fidelity of the model.

Use of Small-Scale Test Data to Enhance Fire-Related Threat, Vulnerability, Consequence and Risk Assessment for Passenger Rail Vehicles

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Meacham ◽  
Nicholas A. Dembsey ◽  
Kurt Schebel ◽  
Matthew A. Johann ◽  
Jeffrey S. Tubbs
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Scale Test

scholarly journals Fatigue Resistance and Failure Behavior of Penetration and Non-Penetration Laser Welded Lap Joints

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangzhong Guo ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Xiqing Li ◽  
Haowen Shi ◽  
Zhikun Song
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Plate Thickness ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Lap Joints ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Plate Fracture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Railway Passenger

AbstractPenetration and non-penetration lap laser welding is the joining method for assembling side facade panels of railway passenger cars, while their fatigue performances and the difference between them are not completely understood. In this study, the fatigue resistance and failure behavior of penetration 1.5+0.8-P and non-penetration 0.8+1.5-N laser welded lap joints prepared with 0.8 mm and 1.5 mm cold-rolled 301L plates were investigated. The weld beads showed a solidification microstructure of primary ferrite with good thermal cracking resistance, and their hardness was lower than that of the plates. The 1.5+0.8-P joint exhibited better fatigue resistance to low stress amplitudes, whereas the 0.8+1.5-N joint showed greater resistance to high stress amplitudes. The failure modes of 0.8+1.5-N and 1.5+0.8-P joints were 1.5 mm and 0.8 mm lower lap plate fracture, respectively, and the primary cracks were initiated at welding fusion lines on the lap surface. There were long plastic ribs on the penetration plate fracture, but not on the non-penetration plate fracture. The fatigue resistance stresses in the crack initiation area of the penetration and non-penetration plates calculated based on the mean fatigue limits are 408 MPa and 326 MPa, respectively, which can be used as reference stress for the fatigue design of the laser welded structures. The main reason for the difference in fatigue performance between the two laser welded joints was that the asymmetrical heating in the non-penetration plate thickness resulted in higher residual stress near the welding fusion line.

scholarly journals Analytical Investigation of Tension Loaded Deformed Rebar Anchors in Concrete

CivilEng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 442-458
Author(s):  
Sandip Chhetri ◽  
Rachel A. Chicchi
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Parametric Study ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Capacity Design ◽  
Simulation Results

Experimental testing of deformed rebar anchors (DRAs) has not been performed extensively, so there is limited test data to understand their failure behavior. This study aims to expand upon these limited tests and understand the behavior of these anchors, when loaded in tension. Analytical benchmark models were created using available test data and a parametric study of deformed rebar anchors was performed. Anchor diameter, spacing, embedment, and number of anchors were varied for a total of 49 concrete breakout simulations. The different failure modes of anchors were predicted analytically, which showed that concrete breakout failure is prominent in the DRA groups. The predicted concrete breakout values were consistent with mean and 5% fractile concrete capacities determined from the ACI concrete capacity design (CCD) method. The 5% fractile factor determined empirically from the simulation results was kc = 26. This value corresponds closely with kc = 24 specified in ACI 318-19 and ACI 349-13 for cast-in place anchors. The analysis results show that the ACI CCD formula can be conservatively used to design DRAs loaded in tension by applying a kc factor no greater than 26.

scholarly journals Validation of a lumped-mass mooring line model with DeepCwind semisubmersible model test data

2015 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 590-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Hall ◽  
Andrew Goupee
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Model Test ◽  
Mooring Line ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Line Model

Obtaining NHTSA Crash Test Data

2013 ◽  
pp. 171-184
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Crash Test

Support Vibration Diagnostics and Limits in Gas Turbines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Bielecki ◽  
Salvatore Costagliola ◽  
Piotr Gebalski
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Reliability Function ◽  
Vibration Diagnostics ◽  
Real Life Data ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Harmful Effects

The paper deliberates vibration limits for non-rotating parts in application to industrial gas turbines. As a rule such limits follow ISO 10816-4 or API616, although in field operation it is not well known relationship between these limits and failure modes. In many situations, the reliability function is not well-defined, and more comprehensive methods of determining the harmful effects of support vibrations are desirable. In the first part, the undertaken approach and the results are illustrated based on the field and theoretical experience of the authors about the failure modes related to alarm level of vibrations. Here several failure modes and diagnostics observations are illustrated with the examples of real-life data. In the second part, a statistical approach based on correlation of support vs. shaft vibrations (velocity / displacement) is demonstrated in order to assess the risk of the bearing rub. The test data for few gas turbine models produced by General Electric Oil & Gas are statistically evaluated and allow to draw an experimentally based transfer function between vibrations recorded by non-contact and seismic probes. Then the vibration limit with objectives like bearing rub is scrutinized with aid of probabilistic tools. In the third part, the attention is given to a few examples of the support vibrations — among other gas turbine with rotors supported on flexible pedestals and baseplate. Here there is determined a transfer coefficient between baseplate and bearing vibrations for specific foundation configurations. Based on the test data screening as well as analysis and case studies thereof, the conclusions about more specific vibration limits in relation to the failure modes are drawn.

Laboratory and Field Investigation of the Rail Pad Assembly Mechanistic Behavior

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago B. do Carmo ◽  
J. Riley Edwards ◽  
Ryan G. Kernes ◽  
Bassem O. Andrawes ◽  
Chris P. L. Barkan
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Component Design ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Heavy Haul ◽  
And Performance

To achieve the performance demands due to growing heavy-haul freight operations and increased high-speed rail service worldwide, advancements in concrete crosstie fastening systems are required. A mechanistic design approach based on scientific principles and derived from extensive laboratory and field investigation has the potential to improve the current best practices in fastening system design. The understanding of failure modes and effects on each component, associated with an improved understanding of load distribution and mechanical behavior, will ultimately increase production and operational efficiency while reducing unscheduled maintenance, track outages, and unplanned additional costs. Improvements on the rail pad assemblies, the components responsible for attenuating loads and protecting the concrete crosstie rail seat, will enhance the safety and efficiency of the track infrastructure. Understanding the mechanistic behavior of rail pad assemblies is critical to improving the performance and life cycle of the infrastructure and its components, which will ultimately reduce the occurrence of potential failure modes. Lateral, longitudinal, and shear forces exerted on the components of the fastening system may result in displacements and deformations of the rail pad with respect to the rail seat and rail base. The high stresses and relative movements are expected to contribute to multiple failure mechanisms and result in an increased need for costly maintenance activities. Therefore, the analysis of the mechanics of pad assemblies is important for the improvement of railroad superstructure component design and performance. In this study, the lateral displacement of this component with respect to the rail base and rail seat is analyzed. The research ultimately aims to investigate the hypothesis that relative displacement between the rail pad and rail seat occurs under realistic loading environments and that the magnitude of the displacement is directly related to the increase in wheel loads.

Experimental evaluation of the lateral load distribution in the elastic-plastic phase of timber-steel hybrid structures with a novel light timber-steel diaphragm

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1965-1976
Author(s):  
Zhong Ma ◽  
Minjuan He ◽  
Renle Ma ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Linlin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Load Distribution ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Lateral Load ◽  
Lateral Loads ◽  
Distribution Factor ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Plastic Phase ◽  
Lateral Load Distribution ◽  
Load Distribution Factor

A cyclic loading experiment involving a timber-steel hybrid structure consisting of a steel frame and a novel light timber-steel diaphragm is presented to quantify the flexibility of the diaphragm and its ability to distribute lateral loads in the elastic-plastic phase of the structure. A lateral load-distribution factor was proposed, and its relationship to the ratio of the stiffness of the diaphragm to that of the lateral load-resisting elements was investigated. The diaphragm was classified based on these variables. The results indicated that the failure modes of the structure were associated with the forms of damage experienced by the lateral load-resisting elements, whereas little damage was observed for the diaphragm. The diaphragm exhibited the ability to continuously adjust the distribution of lateral loads to each lateral load-resisting element; accordingly, each lateral load-resisting element had approximately the same shear force, the same lateral stiffness, and the same lateral displacement during the loading process. As the lateral displacement increased, the stiffness ratio and load-distribution factor both gradually increased, and the diaphragm correspondingly changed from semi-rigid to rigid. At times, as the lateral displacement increased, the diaphragm rapidly became rigid, and it was unnecessarily rigid during the initial loading phase when the in-plane stiffness reached a certain threshold.

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