Application of Digital Volume Correlation Algorithm to Cell Mechanics

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyock J. Kwon ◽  
Boxin Zhao ◽  
Praveen N. P. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mechanics ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Speckle Pattern ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Digital Volume Correlation ◽  
Linear Elasticity Theory ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Soft Gels ◽  
Cell Motion

This study developed a digital volume correlation (DVC) algorithm based on fast normalized cross-correlation to measure the 3-dimensional deformation of soft gels, which was further utilized as a force sensor for cell mechanics studies. The developed algorithm was applied to the 3-D volume images of a gel acquired by confocal microscope to measure the deformation of the gel. The gel contained uniformly-dispersed florescence-labeled microbeads so as to generate a necessary speckle pattern for cross-correlation. The developed algorithm has been validated both analytically and experimentally, and applied to investigate cell mechanics by measuring the displacement field induced by the cell motion. Then, surface traction force generated by cells can be quantified through the conventional linear elasticity theory without any further assumption.

scholarly journals Dissipation of contractile forces: the missing piece in cell mechanics

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1825-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia Kurzawa ◽  
Benoit Vianay ◽  
Fabrice Senger ◽  
Timothée Vignaud ◽  
Laurent Blanchoin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mechanics ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Structural Rearrangements ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Traction Forces ◽  
Cell Traction Forces ◽  
Cell Traction ◽  
Contractile Forces ◽  
Fiber Contraction

Mechanical forces are key regulators of cell and tissue physiology. The basic molecular mechanism of fiber contraction by the sliding of actin filament upon myosin leading to conformational change has been known for decades. The regulation of force generation at the level of the cell, however, is still far from elucidated. Indeed, the magnitude of cell traction forces on the underlying extracellular matrix in culture is almost impossible to predict or experimentally control. The considerable variability in measurements of cell-traction forces indicates that they may not be the optimal readout to properly characterize cell contractile state and that a significant part of the contractile energy is not transferred to cell anchorage but instead is involved in actin network dynamics. Here we discuss the experimental, numerical, and biological parameters that may be responsible for the variability in traction force production. We argue that limiting these sources of variability and investigating the dissipation of mechanical work that occurs with structural rearrangements and the disengagement of force transmission is key for further understanding of cell mechanics.

Vision-force guided precise robotic assembly for 2.5D components in a semistructured environment

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boyoung Kim ◽  
Minyong Choi ◽  
Seung-Woo Son ◽  
Deokwon Yun ◽  
Sukjune Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Robotic Assembly ◽  
Ccd Cameras ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Aided Design

Purpose Many manufacturing sites require precision assembly. Particularly, similar to cell phones, assembly at the sub-mm scale is not easy, even for humans. In addition, the system should assemble each part with adequate force and avoid breaking the circuits with excessive force. The purpose of this study is to assemble high precision components with relatively reasonable vision devices compared to previous studies. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a vision-force guided precise assembly system using a force sensor and two charge coupled device (CCD) cameras without an expensive 3-dimensional (3D) sensor or computer-aided design model. The system accurately estimates 6 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) poses from a 2D image in real time and assembles parts with the proper force. Findings In this experiment, three connectors are assembled on a printed circuit board. This system obtains high accuracy under 1 mm and 1 degree error, which shows that this system is effective. Originality/value This is a new method for sub-mm assembly using only two CCD cameras and one force sensor.

scholarly journals Development and Application of a Tandem Force Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6042
Author(s):  
Zhijian Zhang ◽  
Youping Chen ◽  
Dailin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Contact Force ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Teaching Experiment ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Contact Tasks

In robot teaching for contact tasks, it is necessary to not only accurately perceive the traction force exerted by hands, but also to perceive the contact force at the robot end. This paper develops a tandem force sensor to detect traction and contact forces. As a component of the tandem force sensor, a cylindrical traction force sensor is developed to detect the traction force applied by hands. Its structure is designed to be suitable for humans to operate, and the mechanical model of its cylinder-shaped elastic structural body has been analyzed. After calibration, the cylindrical traction force sensor is proven to be able to detect forces/moments with small errors. Then, a tandem force sensor is developed based on the developed cylindrical traction force sensor and a wrist force sensor. The robot teaching experiment of drawer switches were made and the results confirm that the developed traction force sensor is simple to operate and the tandem force sensor can achieve the perception of the traction and contact forces.

A DIGITAL VOLUME CORRELATION TECHNIQUE FOR 3-D DEFORMATION MEASUREMENTS OF SOFT GELS

2011 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIANYONG HUANG ◽  
XIAOCHANG PAN ◽  
SHANSHAN LI ◽  
XIAOLING PENG ◽  
CHUNYANG XIONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Digital Volume Correlation ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Strain Fields ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Soft Gels ◽  
Deformation Measurements

This paper develops a set of digital volume correlation (DVC) algorithms to address 3-D deformation measurements of soft gels with the aid of laser-scanning confocal microscopy. As an extension of the well-developed digital image correlation (DIC) method, the present DVC approach adopts a three-dimensional zero-normalized cross-correlation criterion (3-D ZNCC) to perform volume correlation calculations. Based on a 3-D sum-table scheme and the fast Fourier transform technique, a fast algorithm is first proposed to accelerate the integer-voxel correlation computations. Subsequently, two kinds of sub-voxel registration algorithms, i.e., 3-D gradient-based algorithm and 3-D Newton–Raphson algorithm, are presented to obtain the sub-voxel displacement and strain fields of volume images before and after deformation. Both a series of computer-simulated digital volume images and an actual agarose gel sample randomly embedded with fluorescent particles are employed to verify the 3-D deformation measurement capability of the proposed DVC algorithms, which indicates that they are competent to acquire 3-D displacement and strain fields of soft gels.

scholarly journals Study of Cancer Cell Mechanics by Traction Force Microscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 550a
Author(s):  
Yuwen Mei ◽  
Justin Raupp ◽  
Takeshi Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Cell Mechanics ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Traction Force Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy

Multiple Wafer Bonding for MEMS Applications

2001 ◽  
Vol 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reiche ◽  
M. Haueis ◽  
J. Dual ◽  
C. Cavalloni ◽  
R. Buser
Keyword(s):  
Wafer Bonding ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Single Crystal Silicon ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Semiconductor Wafer ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
Static Loads ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Wafer Direct Bonding ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTMost of the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) require a 3-dimensional architecture which can efficiently be realized by multiple semiconductor wafer direct bonding. The present paper demonstrates the method on a force sensor for high resolution measurements of static loads. To minimize temperature stress an all-in silicon solution was developed in contrast to micromachined resonant force sensors published already in the literature.The presented force sensor integrates load coupling, the excitation and detection of the vibration of the microresonator in one and the same single crystal silicon package. First measurements proved a sensitivity of 26 Hz/N and a resolution better than 3 mN.

OPTICALLY TRACKING THE MOTION OF MICROBEADS TO STUDY PHYSICAL BEHAVIORS OF THE LIVING CELL IN RESPONSE TO TRANSIENT STRETCH OR COMPRESSION

2011 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
LINHONG DENG ◽  
XUEMEI JIANG ◽  
CHENG CHEN ◽  
AIJING SONG ◽  
FENG LIN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mechanics ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
Immunofluorescent Staining ◽  
Adherent Cells ◽  
Force Dynamics ◽  
Research Tools

Optical magnetic twisting cytometry and traction force microscopy are two advanced cell mechanics research tools that employ optical methods to track the motion of microbeads that are either bound to the surface or embedded in the substrate underneath the cell. The former measures rheological properties of the cell such as cell stiffness, and the latter measures cell traction force dynamics. Here we describe the principles of these two cell mechanics research tools and an example of using them to study physical behaviors of the living cell in response to transient stretch or compression. We demonstrate that, when subjected to a stretch–unstretch manipulation, both the stiffness and traction force of adherent cells promptly reduced, and then gradually recover up to the level prior to the stretch. Immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting results indicate that the actin cytoskeleton of the cells underwent a corresponding disruption and reassembly process almost in step with the changes of cell mechanics. Interestingly, when subjected to compression, the cells did not show such particular behaviors. Taken together, we conclude that adherent cells are very sensitive to the transient stretch but not transient compression, and the stretch-induced cell response is due to the dynamics of actin polymerization.

Design of Multiservice Code (MS) in Spectral/Temporal/Spatial Domain for OCDMA System

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-317
Author(s):  
Sumit Gupta ◽  
Aditya Goel
Keyword(s):  
Bit Error Rate ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Thermal Noise ◽  
Code Length ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Variable Weight ◽  
Variable Length Codes ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThis paper explores the design of multiservice code (MS) in spectral, time spreading and wavelength domains (3-Dimensional). The proposed 3D code is designed in such a manner that follows the ideal in phase unit cross correlation in spectral, time spreading and wavelength domains. The proposed encoder generates the MS code effectively in 3D domain and decoder suppresses the multi-user interferences successfully. Performance analyses are carried out by considering the all noises such as phase induce intensity noise(PIIN), shot noise and thermal noise. The analysis of 3D-MS code for variable code length is also performed for measurement of variation in bit error rate against the received power and number of active users in the design. The observed performances are also compared with existing codes such as 2D-MDW, 3D-PDC and 1D-MS code and the proposed code shows the better performance. The analysis of bit error rate of proposed code is carried out against the number of users at 0.622Gbits/s data rate and 0 dBm received power and comparison is also formed with the existing code such as 3D PD(M=21, N=3, P=3), 2DMDW(M=63, P=3), PDC(M=57, P=3) and 1D MS Code. It is noted that 3D MS code shows the better performance than the existing methods. Analysis is also evaluated for variable weight and variable length codes in order to observe the variation in bit error rate with variation in received power and number of simultaneous users.

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