Water Splitting by Aluminum Powder Obtained From Foil

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashvin Kumar Narayana Swamy ◽  
Evgeny Shafirovich
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Powder ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
Aluminum Powders ◽  
Middle Stage

The reaction of aluminum with water has the potential for on demand hydrogen generation. Conventional aluminum powders, however, react with water slowly due to a highly protective oxide layer on the particle surface. The present paper investigates the preparation of an activated aluminum powder from aluminum foil that is widely available as scrap and waste. The obtained results demonstrate that a highly reactive, fine aluminum powder can be obtained from aluminum foil by high-energy ball milling with sodium chloride. The obtained powder readily reacts with hot water, releasing hydrogen. The process includes the induction period, the middle stage where the reaction rate is the highest, and the final (saturation) stage. The effective activation energy of the reaction rate at the middle stage is in a good agreement with the literature data for Al-H2O reaction.

Cellular Concrete with Addition of Aluminum Recycled Foil Powders

2005 ◽  
Vol 498-499 ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edval G. de Araújo ◽  
Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Powder ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cellular Concrete

Considering its advantage of low density and favorable insulation properties, there are several applications for lightweight autoclaved aerated concrete of uniform cellular structure.The raw materials for the manufacturing of cellular concrete are Portland cement, finely grounded sand and lime. These are batched and mixed with water and metallic aluminum powder finely divided. There is a reaction between the aluminum powder and hydroxides forming millions of hydrogen bubbles throughout the mixture.The aluminum powder is the highest cost component, and the objective of this work is replacing it for another gas forming agent, like recycled foil.The foils are grinded in a high energy ball mill (attritor). Quartz sand is mixed with aluminum foil to reduce the time required for grinding, obtaining spherical particles and ensuring a uniform distribution of aluminum in the gas forming agent.The activity of this gas forming agent was determined by the gas volumetric technique. Average particle size and compressive strength of the samples were measured. The relationship between volume of the gas released during the reaction and milling conditions are presented, showing its viability for producing a high quality cellular concrete.

Characterization of thermal barrier coatings formed by electon-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD)

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
Ozer Unal
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Barrier Coatings ◽  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Ceramic Coating ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ceramic Coatings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
Barrier Coatings ◽  
Energy Beam

Interest in ceramics as thermal barrier coatings for hot components of turbine engines has increased rapidly over the last decade. The primary reason for this is the significant reduction in heat load and increased chemical inertness against corrosive species with the ceramic coating materials. Among other candidates, partially-stabilized zirconia is the focus of attention mainly because ot its low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion coefficient.The coatings were made by Garrett Turbine Engine Company. Ni-base super-alloy was used as the substrate and later a bond-coating with high Al activity was formed over it. The ceramic coatings, with a thickness of about 50 μm, were formed by EB-PVD in a high-vacuum chamber by heating the target material (ZrO2-20 w/0 Y2O3) above its evaporation temperaturef >3500 °C) with a high-energy beam and condensing the resulting vapor onto a rotating heated substrate. A heat treatment in an oxidizing environment was performed later on to form a protective oxide layer to improve the adhesion between the ceramic coating and substrate. Bulk samples were studied by utilizing a Scintag diffractometer and a JEOL JXA-840 SEM; examinations of cross-sectional thin-films of the interface region were performed in a Philips CM 30 TEM operating at 300 kV and for chemical analysis a KEVEX X-ray spectrometer (EDS) was used.

Comparison of Stratification in a Water Tank and a PCM-Water Tank

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Castell ◽  
C. Sole´ ◽  
M. Medrano ◽  
M. Nogue´s ◽  
L. F. Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Material ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Charging And Discharging Processes ◽  
Change Material

Most of the storage systems available on the market use water as storage medium. Enhancing the storage performance is necessary to increase the performance of most systems. The stratification phenomenon is employed to improve the efficiency of storage tanks. Heat at an intermediate temperature, not high enough to heat up the top layer, can still be used to heat the lower, colder layers. There are a lot of parameters to study the stratification in a water tank such as the Mix Number and the Richardson Number among others. The idea studied here was to use these stratification parameters to compare two tanks with the same dimensions during charging and discharging processes. One of them is a traditional water tank and the other is a PCM-water (a water tank with a Phase Change Material). A PCM is good because it has high energy density if there is a small temperature change, since then the latent heat is much larger than the sensible heat. On the other hand, the temperature change in the top layer of a hot water store with stratification is usually small as it is held as close as possible at or above the temperature for usage. In the system studied the Phase Change Material is placed at the top of the tank, therefore the advantages of the stratification still remain. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the use of PCM in the upper part of a water tank holds or improves the benefit of the stratification phenomenon.

Processing and Excellent Oxidation Resistance of Nanocrystalline Fe-Cr Alloys

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 1122-1125
Author(s):  
Rajeev K. Gupta ◽  
B.V. Mahesh ◽  
R.K. Singh Raman ◽  
Carl C. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nanocrystalline Alloy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Energy Ball

Nanocrystalline and microcrystalline Fe-10Cr alloys were prepared by high energy ball milling followed by compaction and sintering, and then oxidized in air for 52 hours at 400°C. The oxidation resistance of nanocrystalline Fe-10Cr alloy as determined by measuring the weight gain after regular time intervals was compared with that of the microcrystalline alloy of same chemical composition (also prepared by the same processing route and oxidized under identical conditions). Oxidation resistance of nanocrystalline Fe10Cr alloy was found to be in excess of an order of magnitude superior than that of microcrystalline Fe10Cr alloy. The paper also presents results of secondary ion mass spectrometry of oxidized samples of nanocrystalline and microcrystalline Fe-Cr alloys, evidencing the formation of a more protective oxide scale in the nanocrystalline alloy.

Nanostructured antibacterial aluminum foil produced by hot water treatment against E. coli in meat

MRS Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinshell Smith ◽  
Kenneth Burnett ◽  
Nawzat Saadi ◽  
Khulud Alotaibi ◽  
Atikur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hot Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli

Methanol Reforming Over PT Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taehee Lee ◽  
Joongmyeon Bae ◽  
Ju-Yong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Pt Catalysts ◽  
Methanol Reforming ◽  
Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Cerium Oxides ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Very High

An experimental investigation on hydrogen generation from methanol using Pt catalysts is presented in this paper. Methanol has the advantages of high energy density, high reforming activity and low CO selectivity at low temperatures. At present Cu-based catalysts are widely used for methanol reforming. But they are pyrophoric and thermally unstable, which causes issues in operating a real system. Pt catalysts dispersed on cerium oxides were tested for methanol reforming to resolve the problems. Steam reforming over Pt/cerium oxides showed the low conversion ratio less than 90% and the high CO concentration of about 15% at 400 °C. Autothermal reforming by adding O2 rapidly promoted the conversion of methanol and reduced the concentration of CO at lower temperature. Increasing the amount of dispersed Pt, the range of 0.5–3.0 wt%, shifted the reforming trends towards lower temperature and decreased the concentration of CO. To achieve more production rate within a given catalyst bed, catalysts coated monolithic honeycomb is prepared. It showed very high conversion at space velocities of up to 60,000/h.

Hydrogen Generation in an Annular Micro-Reactor: an Experimental Investigation of Water Splitting Reaction Using Aluminum in Presence of Potassium Hydroxide

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam P. Tekade ◽  
Diwakar Z. Shende ◽  
Kailas L. Wasewar
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metal Aluminum ◽  
Micro Reactor

Abstract Hydrogen is one of the important non-conventional energy sources because of its high energy content and non-polluting nature of combustions. The water splitting reaction is one of the significant methods for hydrogen generation from non-fossil feeds. In the present paper, the hydrogen generation has been experimentally investigated with water splitting reaction using metal aluminum in presence of potassium hydroxide as an activator under flow conditions. The rate of hydrogen generation was reported in the annular micro- reactor of 1 mm annulus using various flow rates of aqueous 0.5 N KOH ranging from 1 ml/min to 10 ml/min. The complete conversion of aluminum was observed at all the flow rates of aqueous KOH. The hydrogen generation rate was observed to depend on the flow rate of liquid reactant flowing through the reactor. At 1 ml/min of 0.5 N KOH, hydrogen generates at an average rate of 3.36 ml/min which increases to 10.70 ml/min at 10 ml/min of aqueous KOH. The Shrinking Core Model was modified for predicting the controlling mechanism. The rate of hydrogen generation was observed to follow different controlling mechanisms on various time intervals at low flow rates of aqueous KOH. It was observed that chemical reaction controls the overall rate of hydrogen generation at higher flow rates of aqueous KOH.

scholarly journals Designing and Developing Rechargeable Aluminium-Ion Battery using Graphite Coated Activated Charcoal Corncob as Cathode Material

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
F. Fitriah ◽  
A. Doyan ◽  
S. Susilawati ◽  
S. Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
Optimal Capacity ◽  
Coating Method ◽  
Varied Composition

One of the renewable energy storage systems that can be used today is the aluminum ion battery. In this study, aluminum foil was used as anode, polyetylene polyprophylene (PE/PP) as separator, electrolyte from AlCl3/[EMIm]Cl and graphite coated corncob, an activated charcoal, as cathode. Coating method of cathode materials was done by mixing both graphite and activated charcoal with varied composition 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:3. The coating process began by mixing the graphite and corncob with ethanol as a solvent for six hours, then heating in an oven at 80 °C for three days, gradual drying in a furnace at 350 °C for five hours and sintering at 600 °C for six hours. From this research, SEM results showed that carbon particles were evenly distributed, with spherical particles. The spherical shape was the main requirement of carbon formation in order to produce high energy. Based on the results, battery potential was 2.54 V with average of optimal capacity at a ratio of graphite and corncob activated charcoal 1:1.5 was 83.067 mAh/g. The highest efficiency was also at a ratio of 1:1.5 of 97.20%, because at this ratio, there was an increasing in percentage of element C 91.74%, greater than the percentage of element C on the other three cathode samples.Salah satu sistem penyimpan energi terbarukan yang bisa digunakan saat ini adalah baterai ion aluminium. Pada penelitian ini digunakan aluminium foil sebagai anoda, polyetylene polyprophylene (PE/PP) sebagai separator, elektrolit menggunakan AlCl3/[EMIm]Cl dan grafit terlapisi arang aktif tongkol jagung sebagai bahan katoda. Metode pelapisan bahan katoda dilakukan dengan mencampurkan grafit dan arang aktif dengan variasi komposisi 1:0,5, 1:1,1:1,5 dan 1:3. Proses pelapisan diawali dengan pencampuran grafit dan arang aktif tongkol jagung dengan ethanol sebagai pelarut selama enam jam kemudian pemanasan di oven pada suhu 80oC selama tiga hari, pengeringan bertahap di furnace pada suhu 350oC selama lima jam dan sintering pada suhu 600oC selama enam jam. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa partikel karbon terdistribusi merata, dengan bentuk partikel bulat (sphare).Sampelberbentuk bulat atau sphere merupakan syarat utama pembentukan karbon supaya dapat menghasilkan energi tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil uji baterai diperoleh potensial sebesar 2,54 Volt dengan rata-rata kapasitas optimal terjadi pada rasio grafit dan arang aktif tongkol jagung 1:1,5 sebesar 83,067 mAh/g. Efisiensi tertinggi juga terjadi pada rasio 1:1,5 sebesar 97,20%. Hal ini karena pada rasio 1:1,5 terjadi peningkatan persentase unsur C yakni 91.74% lebih besar dari persentase unsur C pada tiga sampel katoda yang lainnya.

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