Solar Energy in the Housing: Case — Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Enrique Campbell Ramírez ◽  
René Delgado Rendón ◽  
Alejandro A. Lambert Arista ◽  
Margarita Gil Samaniego Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Baja California ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems

A study was designed and implemented to simulate and validate experimentally the thermal performance and energy of two houses equipped for efficient use of energy in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. The objectives were the simulation and the assessment of energetic, economic, social and environmental impacts of the use of high efficiency air conditioning, high efficiency refrigerators, Solar Water Heater (SWH) and photovoltaic (PV) modules. The simulations carried out were validated by field measurements during years 2011 and 2012. For PV systems, we estimated generation of 1837 kWh/yr. and in the annual monitoring values were obtained 1855 kWh/yr. For SWH, the investment is recovered within a reasonable time (6 years) by saving conventional energy. Electricity consumption per unit area of building for winter and summer was 0.23 and 0.46 kWh/ft2, respectively. The field data of average power for the AC is consistent with the SEER 13 being of 1.0 kW, and for the refrigerator, average power was 128 W. For the 2-story house (1033 sq. ft.), simulation predicted an annual consumption of 4559 kWh and measured value was 4197, PV system contributed 55% of consumption. In regard to the estimated electric bill was for $233 USD, and the reported value was $207 USD. The PV cells contributed with 60%, and the electric utility invoice was $78 USD. In these prototype homes is significantly diminishing electricity consumption in contrast to habitual housing. When energy efficiency is achieved as a first goal, the contribution of renewable energy becomes significant. However, for the PV systems, there is much to do, as combining lower investment with funding polices, because, when energy use is reduced, by energy efficiency and saving programs, customers have a subsidized electricity rate. We strongly recommend focus the subsidy for the users and not to the electricity rates. The way to use energy and habits of user, impacts significantly saving actions and energy efficient and the development of renewable energy. It is not easy to compare houses with different family behaviors. We recommend carry out energy education programs, to induce the market for energy saving and renewable. The monitoring allowed a better assessment of current performance of photovoltaic modulus and inverters, and the effects of temperature; radiation changes due to shade and clouds; dust on surfaces, and of the quality and stability of the supply lines (voltage variations), over their behavior and efficiency. Finally, field experiences will help to develop non-invasive systems, using telemetry of data and control commands, which must be combined with the design of house facilities in such a way forward to smart systems.

scholarly journals Which Is Greener? The Gas Condenser Boiler Or Ground Source Heat Pump. Which Is The Contribution Of Renewable Energy To The Energy Consumption For Heating To A Building?

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
I. L. Cîrstolovean
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Ground Source

Abstract The goals of this paper are: to estimate the carbon emission reduction on energy efficiency measurements in a laboratory building in Transilvania University from Braşov, Romania, in accordance with the European Directive 2009/28/EC and to estimate the contribution of renewable energy to energy efficiency of the building using the performance indicator named Renewable Energy Ratio - RER. We will detail the methods of calculation for CO2 emissions and we will present the results for gas condensing boiler, and ground source heat pump for the laboratory building. The results show that conventional energy efficiency technologies and renewable energy technologies can be used to decrease CO2 emissions in buildings by 20–30% on average and up to over 40% for some building types and locations. The contribution of renewable energy is between 40 and 50 % from total energy use and only for heating is 58%. This value could rise to 0.63 if we apply to electricity produced by photovoltaic panels.

scholarly journals Short and open circuit faults study in the PV system inverter

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1764
Author(s):  
Mohammed Bouzidi ◽  
Abdelkader Harrouz ◽  
Tadj Mohammed ◽  
Smail Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Pv Array ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Types Of Faults

<p>The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.</p>

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency – Indoor Air Quality Dilemma in Educational Buildings: A Possible Solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 357-367
Author(s):  
Liva Asere ◽  
Andra Blumberga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Educational Buildings ◽  
Electricity Tariff

AbstractThe energy efficiency – indoor air quality dilemma is well known and the main drawback to operate the mechanical ventilation is electricity costs as concluded from previous studies. Educational buildings are one of the places where future taxpayers spend a lot of time. This paper aims to study an alternative solution on how to reduce energy efficiency – indoor air quality dilemma in educational buildings by adopting systems that use renewable energy sources. A typical education building in Latvia is taken as a case study by changing it from a consumer to prosumer. This building type has a specific electricity usage profile that makes the choice of photovoltaics (PV) power quite challenging so the various power options have been analysed and used for an electricity solution. Also, the more decentralised preference is chosen – disconnect from a public heating provider and using a local system with a pellet boiler. Educational buildings using PV can reduce the electricity tariff, but the payback periods are still not very satisfactory without subsidies. The average electricity tariff per month varies between scenarios and the best one is for the scenario with 30 kW installed power. The educational building partly using 16 kW PV system reduces not only its bill for electricity but also reduces CO2 emissions by around 36 tons. The education buildings as energy prosumers using renewable energy sources are reducing GHG emissions by having high indoor air quality.

scholarly journals Energy benchmarking in educational buildings in the city of Kragujevac - possibilities for energy efficiency improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
Ana Radojevic ◽  
Danijela Nikolic ◽  
Jasna Radulovic ◽  
Jasmina Skerlic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Energy Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Energy Benchmarking

The implementation of energy efficiency measures and use of renewable energy sources in educational buildings can significantly contribute to reducing energy consumption, but also to CO2 emissions in the entire public sector. The paper shows the comparison of energy consumption indicators for 61 elementary school buildings which have previously been divided in 12 groups, according to the period of construction and size, based on the national typology called TABULA, as the first step of further study on how to use the renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to use the energy benchmarking process to select representative facilities which are suitable for applying renewable energy sources, for their further energy efficiency improvement. Indicators of annual specific electricity consumption and CO2 emissions per unit area [kWh/m2] and per user [kWh/user] were calculated. After that, from two groups (in which the highest electricity consumption and CO2 emissions are 68.37% and 74.53% of the total consumption/ emissions), one representative facility was selected.

scholarly journals Optimum Renewable Fraction for Grid-connected Photovoltaic in Office Building Energy Systems in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayong Hiendro ◽  
Ismail Yusuf ◽  
F. Trias Pontia Wigyarianto ◽  
Kho Hie Khwee ◽  
Junaidi Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Building Energy Systems

<span lang="EN-US">This paper analyzes influences of renewable fraction on grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) for office building energy systems. The fraction of renewable energy has important contributions on sizing the grid-connected PV systems and selling and buying electricity, and hence reducing net present cost (NPC) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emission. An optimum result with the lowest total NPC for serving an office building is achieved by employing the renewable fraction of 58%, in which 58% of electricity is supplied from the PV and the remaining 42% of electricity is purchased from the grid. The results have shown that the optimum grid-connected PV system with an appropriate renewable fraction value could greatly reduce the total NPC and CO<sub>2</sub> emission.</span>

scholarly journals Energies and Its Worldwide Research

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6700
Author(s):  
Nuria Novas ◽  
Alfredo Alcayde ◽  
Isabel Robalo ◽  
Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro ◽  
Francisco G. Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Research

Energy efficiency and management is certainly one of the key drivers of human progress. Thus, the trends in the energy research are a topic of interest for the scientific community. The aim of this study is to highlight global research trends in this field through the analysis of a scientific journal indexed exclusively in the energy and fuels category. For this purpose, a journal has been selected that is in the center of the category considering its impact factor, which is only indexed in this category and of open access, Energies of the publisher MDPI. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis of all the contents of the journal between 2008 and 2020, 13,740 documents published, has been carried out. Analyzing the articles that are linked to each other by their citations, 14 clusters or research topics have been detected: smart grids; climate change–electric energy community; energy storage; bioenergy sources; prediction algorithms applied to power; optimization of the grid link for renewable energy; wind power; sustainability of power systems; hydrocarbon improvements; conversion of thermal/electrical energy; electric motor advancements; marine renewable energy; hydropower and energy storage; and preventive techniques in power transformers. The main keywords found were electric vehicle, renewable energy, microgrid, smart grid, and energy efficiency. In short, energy research remains necessary to meet the future challenge of sustainable energy with high efficiency and the exploration of new renewable resources, all for increasingly sustainable cities.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency of LVDC Supplies Including PV Sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Anis Ammous ◽  
Abdulrahman Alahdal ◽  
Kaiçar Ammous
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Power Electronic ◽  
Power Electronic Converters ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
High System

The Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) system concept has been growing in the recent times due to its characteristics and advantages like renewable energy source compatibility, more straightforward integration with storage utilities through power electronic converters and distributed loads. This paper presents the energy efficiency performances of a proposed LVDC supply concept and others classical PV chains architectures. A PV source was considered in the studied nanogrids. The notion of Relative Saved Energy (RSE) was introduced to compare the studied PV systems energy performances. The obtained results revealed that the employment of the LVDC chain supply concept is very interesting and the use of DC loads as an alternative to AC loads, when a PV power is generated locally, is more efficient. The installed PV power source in the building should be well sized regarding to the consumed power in order to register a high system RSE.

scholarly journals Empirical Estimation of the Energy Impacts of Projects Installed through Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing Programs in California

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8060
Author(s):  
Jeff Deason ◽  
Sean Murphy ◽  
Charles A. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
First Time

We examine the energy use impacts of energy efficiency and solar PV projects financed by residential property assessed clean energy (R-PACE) programs in California. We leverage household-level interval meter data to apply normalized metered energy consumption (NMEC) methods at significant scale—more than 25,000 electric meters and more than 15,000 gas meters. We develop a comparison group to account for non-project-related changes in usage. The projects include homes that replaced existing HVAC equipment with higher-efficiency units and homes that installed central heating or air conditioning equipment for the first time. We have limited information on pre-project household equipment stock so we develop a method to infer new installations. We find that projects that installed energy efficiency technologies reduce electricity consumption by approximately 3% and gas consumption by approximately 3.5% on average. When we remove homes that installed new cooling and heating equipment for the first time, savings rise to approximately 5% for electricity and approximately 6% for gas. Given the California climate and the results of an existing study of similar California projects, these results are in line with expectations. Solar PV projects produce electricity that offsets approximately 69% of household electricity consumption on average. We estimate that California R-PACE projects installed through the end of 2019 produce annual reductions in grid-tied electricity consumption of 506 GWh (equivalent to the electricity consumption of approximately 74,000 California households) and gas consumption reductions of 2 million therms (equivalent to the gas consumption of approximately 4700 California households) in a typical weather year.

scholarly journals Cost-Benefit Analysis of Small-Scale Rooftop PV Systems: The Case of Dragotin, Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 9318
Author(s):  
Mladen Bošnjaković ◽  
Ante Čikić ◽  
Boris Zlatunić
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Load Curve ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Daily Load

A large drop in prices of photovoltaic (PV) equipment, an increase in electricity prices, and increasing environmental pressure to use renewable energy sources that pollute the environment significantly less than the use of fossil fuels have led to a large increase in installed roof PV capacity in many parts of the world. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of installing PV systems in the rural continental part of Croatia on existing family houses. A typical example is a house in Dragotin, Croatia with an annual consumption of 4211.70 kWh of electricity on which PV panels are placed facing south under the optimal slope. The calculation of the optimal size of a PV power plant with a capacity of 3.6 kW, without battery energy storage, was performed by the Homer program. The daily load curve was obtained by measuring the electricity consumption at the facility every hour during a characteristic day in the month of June. As most of the activities are related to electricity consumption, repeating during most days of the year, and taking into account seasonal activities, daily load curves were made for a characteristic day in each month of the year. Taking into account the insolation for the specified location, using the Internet platform Solargis Prospect, hourly data on the electricity production of selected PV modules for a characteristic day in each month were obtained. Based on the previous data, the electricity injected into the grid and taken from the grid was calculated. Taking into account the current tariffs for the sale and purchase of electricity, investment prices, and maintenance of equipment, the analysis shows that such a PV system can pay off in 10.5 years without government incentives.

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