scholarly journals Cost-Benefit Analysis of Small-Scale Rooftop PV Systems: The Case of Dragotin, Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 9318
Author(s):  
Mladen Bošnjaković ◽  
Ante Čikić ◽  
Boris Zlatunić
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Load Curve ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Daily Load

A large drop in prices of photovoltaic (PV) equipment, an increase in electricity prices, and increasing environmental pressure to use renewable energy sources that pollute the environment significantly less than the use of fossil fuels have led to a large increase in installed roof PV capacity in many parts of the world. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of installing PV systems in the rural continental part of Croatia on existing family houses. A typical example is a house in Dragotin, Croatia with an annual consumption of 4211.70 kWh of electricity on which PV panels are placed facing south under the optimal slope. The calculation of the optimal size of a PV power plant with a capacity of 3.6 kW, without battery energy storage, was performed by the Homer program. The daily load curve was obtained by measuring the electricity consumption at the facility every hour during a characteristic day in the month of June. As most of the activities are related to electricity consumption, repeating during most days of the year, and taking into account seasonal activities, daily load curves were made for a characteristic day in each month of the year. Taking into account the insolation for the specified location, using the Internet platform Solargis Prospect, hourly data on the electricity production of selected PV modules for a characteristic day in each month were obtained. Based on the previous data, the electricity injected into the grid and taken from the grid was calculated. Taking into account the current tariffs for the sale and purchase of electricity, investment prices, and maintenance of equipment, the analysis shows that such a PV system can pay off in 10.5 years without government incentives.

scholarly journals The Effect of Plants on the Energy Output of Green Roof Photovoltaic Systems in Tropical Climates

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4505
Author(s):  
Chila Kaewpraek ◽  
Liaqat Ali ◽  
Md. Arfeen Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Shakeri ◽  
M. S. Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
The Future

The rapid rise in the number of fossil fuel uses over the last few decades has increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The purpose of implementing renewable energy solutions, such as solar, hydro, wind, biomass, and other renewable energy sources, is to mitigate global climate change worldwide. Solar energy has received more attention over the last few decades as an alternative source of energy, and it can play an essential role in the future of the energy industry. This is especially true of energy solutions that reduce land use, such as off-grid and on-grid solar rooftop technologies. This study aims to evaluate the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems in tropical environments. It also explores the effect of growing plants beneath PV panels. Two identical grid-connected PV systems—each containing five solar panels—were installed. The overall power production of each PV system was about 1.4 kWp. All the collected data were processed and analysed in the same way and by the same method. The PV systems were installed in two different environments—one with the possibility of growing the plants beneath the PV panels (PViGR module) and one with no possibility of growing the plants beneath the PV panels (PViSR module). The experiments were conducted in the Bo Yang District of Songkhla, Thailand over a 12-month period. Our findings indicate that green roof photovoltaic (GRPV) systems can produce around 2100 kWh of electricity in comparison to the 2000 kWh produced by other solar energy systems. Thereby, growing plants beneath PV panels increases electricity production efficiency by around 2%. This difference comes from the growing of plants underneath GRPV systems. Plants do not only help to trap humidity underneath GRPV systems but also help to cool the PV panels by absorbing the temperature beneath GRPV systems. Thus, in the production of electrical energy; the system was clearly showing significant differences in the mentioned results of both PV solar systems, which are evident for great energy efficiency performances in the future.

scholarly journals A Techno-Economic Comparative Study of a Grid-Connected Residential Rooftop PV Panel: The Case Study of Nahr El-Bared, Lebanon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 6956-6964
Author(s):  
H. Camur ◽  
Y. Kassem ◽  
E. Alessi
Keyword(s):  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Pv Panel

Lebanon suffers from daily electricity shortages. The country has paid much attention to renewable energy sources, particularly solar, to gradually replace conventional energy. Installing a photovoltaic (PV) system becomes increasingly attractive for residential consumers due to the rising electricity tariff rates while it reduces the dependency on domestic power generators. No known study has dealt with the investigation of potential grid-connected rooftop PV systems with various sun-tracking modes and PV technologies in Nahr El-Bared, Lebanon. Consequently, the main objective of the current paper is to investigate the feasibility of a 5kW grid-connected PV system of various technologies (mono-crystalline silicon and poly-crystalline silicon) and sun-tracking modes including fixed tilt and 2-axis systems for rooftop households in Lebanon. The Nahr El-Bared camp was the case study was of the paper. RETScreen Expert software was used to evaluate the techno-economic performance of the proposed systems. The results show that the annual electrical energy from a fixed 5kW PV panel tilted at an optimal angle ranged from 8564.47kWh to 8776.81kWh, while the annual electrical energy from the PV tracking system was within the range of 11511.67-12100.92kWh. This amount of energy output would contribute significantly to reduce the energy shortage in the country. A typical household was selected to establish a load profile and load supply during both grid availability and outage periods. The highest energy consumption that can be covered by the PV systems was recorded during the spring and summer seasons. Also, the average energy production cost ranged from 0.0239 to 0.0243$/kWh for all the proposed systems. It was concluded that a 5kW grid-connected rooftop PV system could be economically justifiable. Finally, this study tried to increase the awareness about utilizing PV sun-tracking systems and the feasibility of small-scale grid-connected rooftop PV systems in the selected regions. The results of this research can help investors in the energy and building sectors.

scholarly journals A Comparative Assessment for the Potential Energy Production from PV Installation on Residential Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10344
Author(s):  
Sameh Monna ◽  
Adel Juaidi ◽  
Ramez Abdallah ◽  
Mohammed Itma
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sustainability ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Future Consumption

This paper targets the future energy sustainability and aims to estimate the potential energy production from installing photovoltaic (PV) systems on the rooftop of apartment’s residential buildings, which represent the largest building sector. Analysis of the residential building typologies was carried out to select the most used residential building types in terms of building roof area, number of floors, and the number of apartments on each floor. A computer simulation tool has been used to calculate the electricity production for each building type, for three different tilt angles to estimate the electricity production. Tilt angle, spacing between the arrays, the building shape, shading from PV arrays, and other roof elements were analyzed for optimum and maximum electricity production. The electricity production for each household has been compared to typical household electricity consumption and its future consumption in 2030. The results show that installing PV systems on residential buildings can speed the transition to renewable energy and energy sustainability. The electricity production for building types with 2–4 residential units can surplus their estimated future consumption. Building types with 4–8 residential units can produce their electricity consumption in 2030. Building types of 12–24 residential units can produce more than half of their 2030 future consumption.

scholarly journals Energy Production from Biogas: Competitiveness and Support Instruments in Latvia

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
G. Klāvs ◽  
A. Kundziņa ◽  
I. Kudrenickis
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Use of renewable energy sources (RES) might be one of the key factors for the triple win-win: improving energy supply security, promoting local economic development, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The authors ex-post evaluate the impact of two main support instruments applied in 2010-2014 – the investment support (IS) and the feed-in tariff (FIT) – on the economic viability of small scale (up to 2MWel) biogas unit. The results indicate that the electricity production cost in biogas utility roughly corresponds to the historical FIT regarding electricity production using RES. However, if in addition to the FIT the IS is provided, the analysis shows that the practice of combining both the above-mentioned instruments is not optimal because too high total support (overcompensation) is provided for a biogas utility developer. In a long-term perspective, the latter gives wrong signals for investments in new technologies and also creates unequal competition in the RES electricity market. To provide optimal biogas utilisation, it is necessary to consider several options. Both on-site production of electricity and upgrading to biomethane for use in a low pressure gas distribution network are simulated by the cost estimation model. The authors’ estimates show that upgrading for use in a gas distribution network should be particularly considered taking into account the already existing infrastructure and technologies. This option requires lower support compared to support for electricity production in small-scale biogas utilities.

scholarly journals Produkcja energii elektrycznej ze źródeł odnawialnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce w kontekście koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kozar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Regional Aspect ◽  
The Eu

The article presents changes that occurred in the production of electricity from renewable energy sources in the EU-28 and in Poland in the years of 2010-2015. The analysis of the changes was based on the data from Eurostat and the Local Data Bank. Based on the indicator of the share of electricity generated from renewable sources in gross electricity consumption, Poland in the period under discussion, was characterized as one of the highest dynamics of change among all EU countries. In addition, the article analyzes the situation concerning the production of electricity in Poland in the regional aspect. From the taken analyzes, it is clear that in all voivodeships, apart from Małopolskie voivodeship, in 2015, more electricity was produced from renewable sources compared to 2010. In the period under discussion, the share of electricity production from renewable sources in total electricity production also increased by 99% in Poland.

Analysis of High-Speed Electrical Generators for Utility Applications

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav P. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Technical Challenges ◽  
Compact Design

High-speed alternators are believed to be well developed nowadays, following the improvement in performance and decrease of costs for electronic power converters and permanent magnet materials. Their compact design and their ability to vary the rotational speed in off-design conditions promise superior performance when compared to conventional generators. High-speed alternators are only available in limited sizes for small-scale applications, whereas improvements in efficiency and optimized part-load behavior are particularly important especially for small-scale electricity generation. Enhanced energy utilization for electricity production by small utility plants or by distributed units located at private homes or commercial buildings, based on thermodynamic cycles powered by natural gas or various renewable energy sources, is possible to be achieved through a wider application of grid-integrated high-speed technology. This study presents a critical review of previous research and demonstration work on high-speed electrical machines and a summary of the technical challenges limiting their performance and their expansion into larger sizes. Conclusions are drawn for finding appropriate solutions for practical high-speed electricity generation units and their readiness for a much wider deployment. Closer analysis is attempted on the thermal and mechanical integrity of high-speed alternators and the technical challenges that slow down their scale-up to MW-size units for utility applications. The necessary research and development work that needs to be done in the near future is outlined and discussed herein.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of an Off-grid PV System for Different Types of Batteries

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Rebeka Raff ◽  
Velimir Golub ◽  
Jurica Perko
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Daily Load ◽  
Lead Acid

The aim of this paper is to find an optimal size of different components of an off-grid PV system in the HOMER software with different types of batteries (lead-acid batteries and lithium-ion batteries). The proposed model shows the optimal size of the off-grid PV system for a holiday cottage with regard to eligibility criteria for various types of batteries and the net present cost (NPC). The observed off-grid PV system consists of PV modules, a load, a converter and batteries and it is modelled in the HOMER software. The load is modelled with a daily load diagram for the holiday cottage. For lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries the optimal size of different components of an off-grid PV system for five different scenarios (in respect of the price and life-time) is obtained. In addition, the optimal size of the presented model with respect to different values of capacity shortage ranging from 0% to 5% is presented

scholarly journals The Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Electricity Production from Small Scale Renewable Energy Sources in the Conditions of Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Atănăsoae ◽  
Radu Dumitru Pentiuc ◽  
Dan Laurențiu Milici ◽  
Elena Daniela Olariu ◽  
Mihaela Poienar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals The Technical Challenges Facing the Integration of Small-Scale and Large-scale PV Systems into the Grid: A Critical Review

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alshahrani ◽  
Siddig Omer ◽  
Yuehong Su ◽  
Elamin Mohamed ◽  
Saleh Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Technical Challenges ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

Decarbonisation, energy security and expanding energy access are the main driving forces behind the worldwide increasing attention in renewable energy. This paper focuses on the solar photovoltaic (PV) technology because, currently, it has the most attention in the energy sector due to the sharp drop in the solar PV system cost, which was one of the main barriers of PV large-scale deployment. Firstly, this paper extensively reviews the technical challenges, potential technical solutions and the research carried out in integrating high shares of small-scale PV systems into the distribution network of the grid in order to give a clearer picture of the impact since most of the PV systems installations were at small scales and connected into the distribution network. The paper reviews the localised technical challenges, grid stability challenges and technical solutions on integrating large-scale PV systems into the transmission network of the grid. In addition, the current practices for managing the variability of large-scale PV systems by the grid operators are discussed. Finally, this paper concludes by summarising the critical technical aspects facing the integration of the PV system depending on their size into the grid, in which it provides a strong point of reference and a useful framework for the researchers planning to exploit this field further on.

scholarly journals A Novel Current Sensor less MPPT based Approach for PV Applications Using PSO Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 2070 (1) ◽  
pp. 012123
Author(s):  
Vinay Kumar ◽  
T Naveen Kumar ◽  
K T Prajwal
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Current Sensor ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point ◽  
The One

Abstract As an increased demand in power resources and to reduce global warming, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are preferred over the conventional sources. Among various available RES, solar energy is the effective and efficient one. The solar energy is also clean and free energy. The use of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is the one of the techniques to get maximized output power from the Photo Voltaic (PV) system. The proposed method uses a voltage sensor by eliminating the need of current sensor based on selected technique using Partial Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique interfaced with DC-DC boost converter. PSO technique is one of the methods which has high conflux speed, to precisely track the maximum power. The result of the planned methodology is studied with the assistance of an acceptable simulation applied in MATLAB/Simulink setting for experiment to valid of microcontroller which is employed. The result obtained from the simulations studies showed that current sensor less methodology using PSO technique can extract the maximize power from PV systems.

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