Modeling and Measurement of Temperature Distributions in Bone Drilling

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
JuEun Lee ◽  
Burak Ozdoganlar ◽  
Yoed Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Theoretical Simulation ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability

The heat generated during bone drilling can cause significant thermal damage to the tissue. Hence, prediction of the developing temperature field as a function of the drilling parameters is of high clinical value. However, no experimentally validated model has been reported yet. Furthermore, prior theoretical studies are limited to the drilling process, while extending the analysis beyond drill-bit retraction may be of equal interest. Therefore, the current study aims at experimental validation of a recently published thermal model for temperature distributions both during bone drilling, which is now expanded beyond drill-bit retraction. For validation of the model, a set of experiments was conducted on bovine cortical bone, following the new procedures suggested in the previous study in order to ensure a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. This study is based on thermal data collected at a distance range of 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm from the drilled hole, using thermocouples. Measuring temperatures closer to the drilled hole enabled better understanding of temperature distributions in the tissue in bone drilling. Comparison of experimental data and theoretical simulation results validate the model used. Additionally, about 57°C of difference of the maximum temperatures measured at the radii locations between 0.15 mm and 0.5 mm was observed.

Drilling of bone: Effect of drill bit geometries on thermal osteonecrosis risk regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Faizal Ali Akhbar ◽  
Ahmad Razlan Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Helix Angle ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Drilling Simulation ◽  
Deform 3D ◽  
Bone Effect

Bone-drilling operation necessitates an accurate and efficient surgical drill bit to minimize thermal damage to the bone. This article provides a methodology for predicting the bone temperature elevation during surgical bone drilling and to gain a better understanding on the influences of the point angle, helix angle and web thickness of the drill bit. The proposed approach utilized the normalized Cockroft–Latham damage criterion to predict material cracking in the drilling process. Drilling simulation software DEFORM-3D is used to approximate the bone temperature elevation corresponding to different drill bit geometries. To validate the simulation results, bone temperature elevations were evaluated by comparison with ex vivo bone-drilling process using bovine femurs. The computational results fit well with the ex vivo experiments with respect to different drill geometries. All the investigated drill bit geometries significantly affect bone temperature rise. It is discovered that the thermal osteonecrosis risk regions could be reduced with a point angle of 110° to 140°, a helix angle of 5° to 30° and a web thickness of 5% to 40%. The drilling simulation could accurately estimate the maximum bone temperature elevation for various surgical drill bit point angles, web thickness and helix angles. Looking into the future, this work will lead to the research and redesign of the optimum surgical drill bit to minimize thermal insult during bone-drilling surgeries.

scholarly journals Change of the Properties of Steel Material of the Roller Cone Bit Due to the Influence of the Drilling Operational Parameters and Rock Properties

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5949
Author(s):  
Jurij Šporin ◽  
Tilen Balaško ◽  
Primož Mrvar ◽  
Blaž Janc ◽  
Željko Vukelić
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Simultaneous Thermal Analysis ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Rock Materials ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Bit Life

The breakdown of the drill bit or rapid decrease of the rate of penetration during the drilling process results in a delay in the progress of drilling. Scientists and engineers are increasingly focusing on research to extend the bit life and improve the drilling rate. In our work, “in situ” drilling parameters were monitored during the drilling process with the roller cone drill bit IADC 136, diameter 155.57 mm (6 1/8"). After drilling, the bit was thoroughly examined to determine the damage and wear that occurred during drilling. The following modern and standardized investigative methods were used: an analysis of rock materials and an analysis of micro and macrostructure materials of the roller cone bit. Analyses were carried out using optical and electron microscopy, a simultaneous thermal analysis of materials of drill bit, analysis of the chemical composition of materials of drill bit, and a determination of the geomechanical parameters of rock materials. The resulting wear, local bursts, and cracks were quantitatively and qualitatively defined and linked to the drilling regime and the rock material. The results of our investigation of the material of the roller cone bit can serve as a good base for the development of new steel alloys, which can resist higher temperatures and enable effective drilling, without structural changes of steel material.

Computer Aided Finite Element Simulation of the Developed Driller System for Bone Drilling Process in Orthopedic Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 583-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadir Gok ◽  
Arif Gok ◽  
Yasin Kisioglu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Driller System

Heat reveals during the bone drilling operations in orthopedic surgery because of friction between bone and surgical drill bit. The heating causes extremely important damages in bone and soft tissues. The heating has a critical threshold and it is known as 47∘C. If bone temperature value exceeds 47∘C, osteonecrosis occurs in bones and soft tissues. Many factors such as surgical drill bit geometry and material, drilling parameters, coolant has important roles for the temperature rise. Many methods are used to decrease the temperature rise. The most effective method among them is to use the coolant internally. Numeric simulations of a new driller system to avoid the overheating during the orthopedic operating processes were performed in this study. The numerical simulation with/without coolant was also performed using the finite element based software. Computer aided simulation studies were used to measure the bone temperatures occurred during the bone drilling processes. The outcomes from the simulations were compared with the experimental results. A good temperature level agreement between the experimental results and FEA simulations was found during the bone drilling process.

Feed rate control in robotic bone drilling process

2020 ◽  
pp. 095441192097589
Author(s):  
Tony Boiadjiev ◽  
George Boiadjiev ◽  
Kamen Delchev ◽  
Ivan Chavdarov ◽  
Roumen Kastelov
Keyword(s):  
Rate Control ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Hole Quality ◽  
Rate Control Algorithm

The bone drilling process is characterised by various parameters, the most important of which are the feed rate (mm/s) and the drill speed (rpm). They highly reflect the final effects and results of the drilling process, such as mechanical and thermal damages of bone tissue and hole quality. During manual drilling, these parameters are controlled by the surgeon based on his practical skills. But automatic drilling can assure an optimal result of the manipulation where such parameters are under control. During bicortical automatic bone drilling such a process consists of several stages: searching the contact with the first cortex, cortex drilling and automatic stop; searching the contact with the second cortex, cortex drilling and automatic stop; drill bit extraction. This work presents a way to control the feed rate during different stages of the bone drilling process (an original feed rate control algorithm) using the orthopaedic drilling robot (ODRO). The feed rate control is based on a proposed algorithm created and realised by specific software. During bicortical bone drilling process the feed rate takes various values in any stage in the range 0.5–6 mm/s. These values depend on drill bit position and real time force sensor data. The novelty of this work is the synthesis of an original feed rate control algorithm to solve the main problems of bone drilling in orthopaedic surgery – minimisation the drilling time (the heat generation); eliminating of the drill bit slip at the first (near) cortex and the drill bit bending at the second (far) cortex; minimising the risk of micro cracks which causes Traumatic Osteonecrosis; improving hole quality of the drilled holes; eliminating of the drill bit slip and the drill bit bending at the second cortex; minimising the value of the second cortex drill bit penetration by bicortical bone drilling.

scholarly journals Investigation of Drill Bit Temperature during Automatic Bone Drilling

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
Abdalla Abbas Said Abbas ◽  
Khaled Abou-El-Hossein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Drilling Depth ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Cow Bone ◽  
Surgical Operations

Bone drilling operations are carried out in hospitals in different surgical operations worldwide (e.g. orthopedic surgeries and fixing bone breakages). It is considered one of the most sensitive processes in biomedical engineering field. During drilling, the most critical problem is the rise in the temperature of the bone above the allowable limit. A Study showed that the allowable limit that must not be exceeded is 50oC. Moreover, if this limit is exceeded, the bone may sustain serious damage, namely, thermal necrosis (cell death in bone tissue). The research in this paper focuses on reducing the temperature rise during bone drilling. A study was conducted to observe the effect of the drill rotational speed, feed rate and drilling depth on the drill bit temperature during drilling of goat and cow bone. Experimental methods were engaged to optimise the drilling parameters in order to achieve an accepted level of drill bit temperature.

Mechanical and thermal damage in cortical bone drilling in vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Linlin Xu ◽  
Chengyong Wang ◽  
Zhihua Chen ◽  
Shuai Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Damage ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Haversian Canal ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Drilling Force ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Bone Damage ◽  
Empty Lacuna

Recently, the failure rate of fracture fixation to fractured bone has increased. Mechanical and thermal damage to the bone, which influences the contact area and cell growth between the bone and the screw, is the primary reason for fixation failure. However, research has mainly focused on force and temperature in bone drilling. In this study, the characteristics of hole edges, microcracks, empty lacunae, and osteon necrosis were investigated as viewed in the transverse and longitudinal sections after drilling. Drilling force and temperature were also recorded for comparing the relationship with mechanical and thermal damage. Experiments were conducted in vivo using five different drill geometries under the same drilling parameters. Characteristics of the hole wall were detected using computed tomography. Microcracks and necrosis were analyzed using the pathological sectioning method. The maximum microcrack was approximately 3000 and 1400 μm in the transverse section and longitudinal section, respectively, which were much larger than those observed in previous studies. Empty lacuna and osteon necrosis, starting from the Haversian canal, were also found. The drill bit geometry, chisel edge, flute number, edges, and steps had a strong effect on bone damage, particularly the chisel edge. The standard and classic surgical drill caused the greatest surface damage and necrosis of the five drill bit geometries studied. The microstructural features including osteons and matrix played an important role in numbers and length of microcracks and necrosis. More microcracks were generated in the transverse direction, while a greater length of the empty lacuna was generated in the longitudinal direction under the same drilling parameters. Microcracks mainly propagated in a straight manner in and parallel to the interstitial bone matrix and cement line. Drilling forces were not directly correlated with bone damage; thus, hole performance should be considered to evaluate the superiority and inferiority of drill bits rather than the drill force alone.

scholarly journals Thermo-mechanical stresses distribution on bone drilling: Numerical and experimental procedures

2017 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria G Fernandes ◽  
Elza M Fonseca ◽  
Renato N Jorge
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Mechanical Stresses ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Drilling Conditions

In bone drilling, the temperature and the level of stresses at the bone tissue are function of the drilling parameters. If certain thresholds are exceeded, irreversible damages may occur on the bone tissue. One of the main challenges in the drilling process is to control the associated parameters and even more important, to avoid the surrounding tissue damage. In this study, a dynamic numerical model is developed to determine the thermo-mechanical stresses generated during the bone drilling, using the finite element method. The numerical model incorporates the geometric and dynamic characteristics involved in the drilling processes, as well the developed temperature inside the material. The numerical analysis has been validated by experimental tests using polyurethane foam materials with similar mechanical properties to the human bone. Results suggest that a drill bit with lower drill speed and higher feed rate can reduce the strains and stresses in bone during the drilling process. The proposed numerical model reflected adequately the experimental results and could be useful in determination of optimal drilling conditions that minimise the bone injuries.

Forces in Deep-Hole Bone Drilling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
JuEun Lee ◽  
Zachary Matsumoto ◽  
Serena Y. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Normal State ◽  
Chip Morphology ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Deep Hole ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Drilling Depth ◽  
Hole Depth ◽  
Abnormal State

Abstract Deep-hole bone drilling is performed in many surgical implantation procedures. Unlike bone drilling of shallow holes (commonly 5 to 7 mm in depth), deep-hole bone drilling requires a larger hole depth (i.e., up to a depth of approximately 35 mm in cochlear implantation) using a high ratio of the length to diameter of the drill bit. This paper presents an experimental investigation of forces in deep-hole bone drilling. The hypothesis of this study was that the forces signals show a sudden transition with a considerable amount of increases during deep-hole bone drilling process. The objective of this study was to understand bone drilling behaviors as drilling depth increases. Drilling tests were performed on bovine cortical bones using a 2.5 mm diameter drill bit with a spindle speed of 3000 rpm and feed rates of 0.05 and 0.1 mm/rev at a drilling hole depth of 36 mm. The force signals showed two distinct states, which were referred to as normal and abnormal states in this study. After showing a constant force signals in the normal state once the drill tip became fully engaged in bone cutting, from a certain drilling depth, the force signals considerably increased, which is referred to abnormal state. This study observed that the chip morphology varies with respect to drilling depth, showing fragmented chips in the normal state and powdery chips in the abnormal state. The results of this study indicate that the abrupt increase in the force signals in the abnormal state is mainly attributed to chip clogging inside the flutes as the drilling depth increases.

Study on ultrasonic-assisted drilling of Ti6Al4V using 3-flute drill in the finite element simulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (7) ◽  
pp. 1298-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wang ◽  
Dazhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Thrust Force ◽  
Chip Thickness ◽  
Chip Morphology ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted

Continuous chip is one of the major problems during drilling Ti6A14V, and chip breaking is dependent on many factors such as drilling parameters, tool geometries and type of drill bits used. This paper attempts to analyze the effect of various drilling parameters such as feed rate, spindle speed on performance characteristics such as chip morphology, thrust force, temperature, and tool wear in conventional drilling and ultrasonic-assisted drilling of Ti6A14V using twist drill bit and 3-flute drill bit in order to optimize the chip breakability of Ti6A14V. The twist and 3-flute drill bit are utilized to establish the finite element models to simulate the drilling process with Lagrangian approach in DEFORM-3D software. The results of the simulations not only reveal obvious varying regular pattern of thrust force, temperature, tool wear depth, chip thickness and damage with the increasing of feed rates, spindle speeds, which confirm the capability and advantage of finite element model of the drilling process, but also provide a more profound knowledge about the drilling mechanism including the effect of 3-flute drill bit in ultrasonic-assisted drilling on chip breakability and tool wear.

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