A Practical Approach to Pipeline System Materials Verification

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Lutz ◽  
Thomas A. Bubenik
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Document Type ◽  
Document Structure ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Property Data ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Digital Document ◽  
Material Information

The Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHSMA) has increased emphasis on records that are “traceable, verifiable, and complete.” Organizing records into a document structure that is traceable, verifiable, and complete can be a daunting task. Through work with operators, Det Norske Veritas (U.S.A.) Inc. (DNV) identified a methodology to efficiently search and organize material property data and records into a structure that is fit for regulatory audit. The methodology consists of four steps: (1) Search/Organize Documentation. (2) Digitally Capture Paper Documents. (3) Determine Document Precedence. (4) Create a Reference-able Listing. The first step reviews all files and records and identifies records that are pertinent to properties verification. The search is conducted at an operator’s office(s) by a team of personnel familiar with pipeline construction and maintenance documentation. Once records have been identified, they are digitally captured (scanned) making them easy to reference. This requires a set of metadata and unique name for each document. The metadata consists of project number, document type (maintenance form, drawing, etc…), pipeline name, and information location. Document precedence is used to identify documents most likely to contain correct material information. Document precedence is determined with operator employees that can identify document(s) that have been historically given high reliability. Finally, a listing tabulates material properties along with the unique document name(s) for the specific records. The listing contains pipe (by segment or joint), fittings (valves, prefabricated elbows, etc…), and other components that may affect Maximum (Allowable) Operating Pressures. Typically the listing uses linear pipeline stationing as the main reference. Implementation of the methodology yields a listing of material properties specifically linked to a digital document database — i.e., a records system that is “traceable, verifiable, and complete.” In addition to material properties, this methodology has also been applied to risk-related information (e.g. cathodic protection, crossings, coating information, etc…). The listing can then be used to identify any information gaps and potentially prioritize them based on reliability.

Conceptual solution for digital book definition

2016 ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Deener
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Document ◽  
Document Type ◽  
Document Structure ◽  
Digital Books ◽  
Digital Book

Digital books are considered as an electronic document type: ‘digital book’ term is defined; structure of digital books is analyzed in accordance with document structure.

scholarly journals Reversible image watermarking technique using LCWT and DGT

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.3) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Bennilo Fernandes.J ◽  
Sivakannan S ◽  
Prabakaran N ◽  
G. Thirugnanam
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Image Watermarking ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Image Domain ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
Reversible Image Watermarking

In this contemporary world procuring our confidential data against some unknown person is very significant. Thus to have a high reliability of data security watermarking technique is applied before transmitting the data. This proposed work LCWT and DGT decomposition gives an effective technique to protect hypertensive related information based on reversible watermarking. LCWT has the superiority of multi-resolution fundamental analysis of wavelet transform and reflects representation of image domain in LCT. And using DGT decomposition the patient information has to embed inside high frequency subband wavelet and the watermarked information will be extracted by the receiver without any loss, to reconstruct the original image information. The reliability of the proposed method is analyzed by comparing the experimental results of similarity index, normalization and peak signal to noise ratio.

Identifying the Material Information Requirements for Sustainable Decision Making

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anantha Narayanan ◽  
Paul Witherell ◽  
Jae Hyun Lee ◽  
K. C. Morris ◽  
Sudarsan Rachuri
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Information Model ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Information Requirements ◽  
Material Information

Materials play a central role in product manufacturing, contributing to each phase of product development in the form of either a component or process material. As the product revolves around materials, so does much of the product information. Material information plays a significant role in the decision making process at any stage of the product life cycle, especially with respect to the sustainability of a product. Material information in the manufacturing stages of a product’s life cycle will relate to the processes used in manufacturing and assembling individual components. The material properties may determine what processes can be used and how these processes should be controlled. To support sustainable manufacturing, the impacts of material choice should be considered during design, when resources are being committed. When comparing material alternatives at design time, it is not as simple as saying one material is “more sustainable” than another. Many different factors determine the sustainability of a product, and each of these factors may be influenced by multiple material properties represented through various information requirements. In order to develop a material information model that can satisfy these information requirements, we need to carefully study the requirements from an information modeling perspective. In this paper, we use activity models to describe design and manufacturing scenarios that rely on the availability of proper material information for sustainability decision making. We will use these models to first define specific scenarios and then to identify the types of material information that is typically required in these scenarios, and collect and categorize key concepts. Based on this study, we will make recommendations that will aid the development of a useful material information model for sustainable decision making.

Experimental and Numerical Studies on Microscale Bending of Stainless Steel With Pulsed Laser

1999 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 772-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Chen ◽  
X. Xu ◽  
C. C. Poon ◽  
A. C. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Steel Specimen ◽  
Laser Forming ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Bending Angle ◽  
Thermal Residual Stresses ◽  
Property Data ◽  
External Forces

Laser forming or laser bending is a newly developed, flexible technique which modifies the curvature of sheet metal by thermal residual stresses instead of external forces. The process is influenced by many parameters such as laser parameters, material properties, and target dimensions. In this work, a pulsed Nd:YLF laser was used as the energy source. The laser beam was focused into a line shape irradiating on the stainless steel specimen to induce bending. The bending angle was measured at various processing conditions. A finite element analysis was performed with the use of a two-dimensional plane strain model to calculate the thermoelastoplastic deformation process. Experimental measurements and computational results were in good agreement. Numerical sensitivity studies were performed to evaluate the effects of the unavailable material property data at high temperature. It was found that both optical reflectivity and thermal expansion coefficient influenced the bending angle significantly, while other extrapolated material properties at high temperature yielded acceptable results.

Material Properties and Flaw Characteristics of Vintage Girth Welds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jia ◽  
Yong-Yi Wang ◽  
Steve Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Material Property ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Property Data ◽  
Girth Welds ◽  
Material Property Data

Abstract Vintage pipelines, which in the context of this paper refer to pipelines built before approximately 1970, account for a large portion of the energy pipeline systems in North America. Integrity assessment of these pipelines can sometimes present challenges due to incomplete records and lack of material property data. When material properties for the welds of interest are not available, conservative estimates based on past experience are typically used for the unknown material property values. Such estimates can be overly conservative, potentially leading to unnecessary remedial actions. This paper is a summary of PRCI-funded work aimed at characterizing material properties and flaw characteristics of vintage girth welds. The data obtained in this work can be utilized to understand and predict the behavior of vintage pipelines, which is covered in a companion paper [1]. The material property data generated in this work include (i) pipe base metal tensile properties in both the hoop (transverse) and the longitudinal (axial) directions, (ii) deposited weld metal tensile properties, (iii) macrohardness traverses, (iv) microhardness maps, and (v) Charpy impact transition curves of specimens with notches in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld centerline (WCL). These data provide essential information for tensile strength, strength mismatch, and impact toughness. In addition to the basic material property data, instrumented cross-weld tensile (ICWT) tests were conducted on CWT specimens with no flaws, natural flaws, and artificially machined planar flaws. The ICWT tests provide an indication of the welds’ stress and strain capacity without and with flaws. For welds with even-matching or over-matching weld strengths, the CWT specimens usually failed outside of the weld region, even for specimens with natural flaws reported by non-destructive examination. Having over-matching weld strength can compensate for the negative impact of weld flaws. All tested girth welds were inspected using radiography and/or phased array ultrasonic testing. The inspection results are compared with the flaws exposed through destructive testing. The ability of these inspection methods to detect and size flaws in vintage girth welds is evaluated.

Pipeline Rupture Detection Using Real-Time Transient Modelling and Convolutional Neural Networks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Smith ◽  
Jaehee Chae ◽  
Shawn Learn ◽  
Ron Hugo ◽  
Simon Park
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Detection System ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Transient Model ◽  
Social License

Demonstrating the ability to reliably detect pipeline ruptures is critical for pipeline operators as they seek to maintain the social license necessary to construct and upgrade their pipeline systems. Current leak detection systems range from very simple mass balances to highly complex models with real-time simulation and advanced statistical processing with the goal of detecting small leaks around 1% of the nominal flow rate. No matter how finely-tuned these systems are, however, they are invariably affected by noise and uncertainties in a pipeline system, resulting in false alarms that reduce system confidence. This study aims to develop a leak detection system that can detect leaks with high reliability by focusing on sudden-onset leaks of various sizes (ruptures), as opposed to slow leaks that develop over time. The expected outcome is that not only will pipeline operators avoid the costs associated with false-alarm shut downs, but more importantly, they will be able to respond faster and more confidently in the event of an actual rupture. To accomplish these goals, leaks of various sizes are simulated using a real-time transient model based on the method of characteristics. A novel leak detection model is presented that fuses together several different preprocessing techniques, including convolution neural networks. This leak detection system is expected to increase operator confidence in leak alarms, when they occur, and therefore decrease the amount of time between leak detection and pipeline shutdown.

Use of Bowties for Pipeline Safety Management

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Pettitt ◽  
Philip Pennicott
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Training Programmes

Bowtie diagrams have become a widely-used method for demonstrating the relationship between the causes and consequences of hazardous events following the identification of Major Accident Hazards (MAHs). They are particularly useful for illustrating how safeguarding measures protect against particular threats or mitigate the various consequences of an incident. Bowtie diagrams have been widely used in a range of industries for over twenty years and are widespread in the upstream oil and gas industry, as well as other high hazard industries such as mining and nuclear. Bowtie diagrams are used for a range of purposes. At their simplest, they provide an overview of the measures in place to prevent and mitigate hazardous events, and as such are valuable additions to training programmes. A bowtie diagram provides an excellent platform to show regulatory authorities, trainees and new employees the various threats to a pipeline system, and what barriers are in place to prevent and control major accidents, such that the risks are as low as reasonably practicable. The bowtie process may be used during design, construction, operations and decommissioning. The bowtie for construction is different to that for design and operations, being more to do with occupational safety rather that loss of containment. However, the construction bowtie diagram still plays a vital role in minimising risk. Whilst the typical failure mechanisms for pipelines are generally well-established during operations, bowties have a key role in informing senior management of the measures in place to reduce risk. Furthermore, a large proportion of major accidents may occur at above ground installations (AGIs), and bowtie diagrams provide a mechanism to help management in the protection of personnel and potentially of nearby populations. For both cross-country pipelines and AGIs, the effectiveness of each barrier can be established to ensure that the risk of loss of containment is minimised. More detailed bowties may be used to assist in identifying safety critical elements (SCEs) or safety critical tasks; developing performance standards and defining process safety performance indicators. Often, the hardware shown by the barriers may be considered as SCEs, particularly in the case of effective barriers, such as vibration detection along the right-of-way (RoW) (prevention) or gas detection at AGIs (recovery). Where such barriers are defined as key to a major threat, the bowtie diagram illustrates the importance of good maintenance systems to ensure that the barriers have a high reliability. Thus, by defining the SCEs in a logical manner, bowties may be a key element in managing the risk from a pipeline system.

Development of Material Information Model for the Injection Molding Process and Product

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utpal Roy ◽  
Bicheng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Information Model ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Material Data ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Material Information

Injection molding (IM) has been the most widely used manufacturing process for making plastic products mainly due to its high efficiency and manufacturability. The design of injection molding systems relies heavily on material data and related information. The availability of right material information at right time is of utmost importance for the design, operation and maintenance of the injection molding process. In this paper, a concise, and conceptual Injection Molding Material Information Model (IM-MIM) is proposed to support necessary computer-based modeling, calculation and management of material data. In this paper, we study different steps of the IM process from the information-modeling viewpoint to identify the role and influence of material properties and behaviors in decision-making process. We further developed a four-level IM-MIM model framework, which provides a foundation for different material-related activities or analyses. Several key components in the IM-MIM, which consists of the material data, physical and behavioral properties, thermodynamic and transport properties, and other material information like rheological and mechanical properties, are presented in detail.

scholarly journals Measuring Athletes’ Perception of the Sport Nutrition Information Environment: The Adaptation and Validation of the Diet Information Overload Scale among Elite Athletes

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2781
Author(s):  
Anna Kiss ◽  
Sándor Soós ◽  
Orsolya Tompa ◽  
Ágoston Temesi ◽  
Zoltán Lakner
Keyword(s):  
Information Overload ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Nutrition Information ◽  
Sport Nutrition ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Information

The exponentially growing quantity of nutrition information creates a new situation and challenge for every stakeholder, from athletes, coaches and nutritionists to policymakers. To measure the perception of the information environment related to healthy eating, the diet information overload scale was developed. The scale consists of eight items, measuring the perceived importance of pieces of information overload on Likert-type scales. The objective of the study was to test the applicability and validity of the diet information overload scale among athletes. A cross-sectional validation study was conducted with elite athletes (n = 177). To validate each item of the scale, we applied Cronbach’s alpha test, and the inner consistency of the scale was analyzed with linear correlation coefficients of the different variables. To evaluate the relationship between question groups, we applied factor analysis. The different fit indices showed a good fit to the model; the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value was 0.09 and the Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) value was 0.84. The indicators of reliability (α based upon the covariances = 0.81) produced suitable results; thus, the sport nutrition information overload scale showed high reliability and applicability. Based on the sport nutrition information overload scale, further analysis could be carried out on how to optimize the content of key pieces of sport nutrition-related information.

Study on Vibration Characteristics of Single Crystal Blade and Directionally Solidified Blade

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutomo Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Orthotropic Material ◽  
Rupture Strength ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Transverse Isotropy ◽  
Vibration Characteristics ◽  
Directionally Solidified

In modern gas turbines, SC (Single Crystal) and DS (Directionally Solidified) nickel alloys are applied which, compared to CC (Conventionally Casting) alloys, hold a higher cyclic life and a significantly improved creep rupture strength. Because SC and DS alloys feature a significant directionally dependence of material properties, the vibration analysis of the SC and DS blade has to be carried out, taking account of the anisotropy of material properties. In the vibration analysis by FEA (Finite Element Analysis), the DS blade has to be modeled approximately as transverse orthotropic material, while the SC blade can be modeled exactly as orthotropic material in lattice directions. In order to design the SC and DS blade with high reliability, it is necessary to establish the analysis model and to clarify the influence of the anisotropy of the material properties on the vibration characteristics of the blade. In this paper, first, the effect of the anisotropy of elastic constants on the vibration characteristics of the SC and DS blade is investigated. Second, the validity of the assumption of the transverse isotropy for the DS blade, which is applied in the current blade design, is examined by Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the frequency deviation of the SC and DS blade is analyzed by the sensitivity analysis method, and is compared to that of the CC blade.

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