Measurements of NOx Emissions From DLE and Non-DLE Gas Turbine Engines Employed in Natural Gas Compressor Stations and Comparison With PEM Models

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Botros ◽  
L. Siarkowski ◽  
S. Barss ◽  
R. Manabat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elevation Difference

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publishes emissions factors for gas turbines in its Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, “Volume I Stationary Point and Area Sources, Publication No. AP-42”. This document uses an emissions factor (EF) which is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. For natural gas-fired gas turbines, EPA NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant per unit fuel volume burned or its equivalent heating value (e.g. kg/m3 or kg/GJ). In most cases, these factors are simply averages of available data, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages for all facilities in the source category. Additionally, AP-42 specifies two EFs depending on the engine load being above or below 80% of rated power. In this paper, NOx emissions tests were conducted on four gas turbines. The first two were non dry low emissions (non-DLE) General Electric engines (LM1600), one in Alberta and the other in Ontario, with significant elevation difference. The other two were Rolls-Royce (R-R) engines; one DLE (RB211-24G) while the other is a non-DLE (RB211-24C), both in Alberta at the same elevation. These tests were conducted at different ambient temperatures varying from −7°C to +28°C using Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) emissions samples based on EPA Method 7E standard. Predictive Emission Monitoring (PEM) systems were also developed based on these and previous testing, and predictions are compared to measured data. The difference between NOx emissions from these four engines at different loads (minimum to maximum) and different ambient conditions are presented and compared. A comparison with AP-42 emissions factors is presented and discussed. It was found that the elevation difference between the two LM1600 engines makes a significant difference in NOx emissions. Additionally, the emissions from the DLE engine when it is operating out of the DLE mode (at low loads) emits higher NOx than a non-DLE engine at the same load and ambient conditions.

Lean Premixed Combustion of Undiluted Syngas at Gas Turbine Relevant Conditions: NOx Emissions and Lean Operational Limits

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Daniele ◽  
P. Jansohn ◽  
K. Boulouchos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

The experimental work presented in this paper focuses on the characterization of four syngas mixtures, primarily in terms of NOx emissions and Lean Blow Out (LBO) limits; these mixtures were selected to simulate various syngas types derived from coal, refinery residues, biomass and co-firing of syngas with natural gas. These fuel mixtures are all of interest for applications in gasturbine processes for power generation. The experiments were carried out in a High Pressure Test Rig. Preheating of the fuel/air mixture to a temperature of 673 K, inlet bulk velocities between 40 and 80 m/s and operating pressures between 5 and 15 bars have been applied. The results show the expected strong difference between the CH4 containing mixture and all the other “pure” syngas mixtures concerning the “operational window”. As the focus of this paper is on lean extinction limits and NOx emissions, flashback phenomena are not discussed in further detail. Lean Blow Out limits were found to have weak pressure dependence for the methane containing mixture whereas for the other mixtures this dependence is slightly stronger: “Lean Blow Out” limits move to less lean condition with increasing pressure. No significant dependence on the Inlet velocity was found. Lean blow out occurs at much leaner conditions, ΦLBO≈0.25, for the pure syngas mixtures than for the methane containing fuel mixture (simulating co-firing of syngas with natural gas) which shows flame extinction already at ΦLBO≈0.38. NOx emissions show also a significant difference between the CH4 containing mixture and all other “pure” syngas mixtures with higher NOx emissions for the latter fuel gas mixtures. The difference can be attributed to the different O2 concentration in the hot exhaust gas after the flame front (for a given flame temperature) and to the difference in the flame length which leads to longer residence times in the post flame zone (for the much more compact syngas flames).

A NOx Reduction Project for a GT11 Type Gas Turbine

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars O. Nord ◽  
David R. Schoemaker ◽  
Helmer G. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Temperature

A study was initiated to investigate the possibility of significantly reducing the NOx emissions at a power plant utilizing, among other manufacturers, ALSTOM GT11 type gas turbines. This study is limited to one of the GT11 type gas turbines on the site. After the initial study phase, the project moved on to a mechanical implementation stage, followed by thorough testing and tuning. The NOx emissions were to be reduced at all ambient conditions, but particularly at cold conditions (below 0°C) where a NOx reduction of more than 70% was the goal. The geographical location of the power plant means cold ambient conditions for a large part of the year. The mechanical modifications included the addition of Helmholtz damper capacity with an approximately 30% increase in volume for passive thermo-acoustic instability control, significant piping changes to the fuel distribution system in order to change the burner configuration, and installation of manual valves for throttling of the fuel gas to individual burners. Subsequent to the mechanical modifications, significant time was spent on testing and tuning of the unit to achieve the wanted NOx emissions throughout a major part of the load range. The tuning was, in addition to the main focus of the NOx reduction, also focused on exhaust temperature spread, combustion stability, CO emissions, as well as other parameters. The measurement data was acquired through a combination of existing unit instrumentation and specific instrumentation added to aid in the tuning effort. The existing instrumentation readings were polled from the control system. The majority of the added instrumentation was acquired via the FieldPoint system from National Instruments. The ALSTOM AMODIS plant-monitoring system was used for acquisition and analysis of all the data from the various sources. The project was, in the end, a success with low NOx emissions at part load and full load. As a final stage of the project, the CO emissions were also optimized resulting in a nice compromise between the important parameters monitored, namely NOx emissions, CO emissions, combustion stability, and exhaust temperature distribution.

scholarly journals Carbon and air pollutant emissions from China's cement industry 1990–2015: trends, evolution of technologies and drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Dan Tong ◽  
Yixuan Zheng ◽  
Jing Cheng ◽  
Xinying Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Control Technologies

Abstract. China is the largest cement producer and consumer in the world. Cement manufacturing is highly energy-intensive, and is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) and air pollutant emissions, which threatens climate mitigation and air quality improvement. In this study, we investigated the decadal changes of carbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions for the period of 1990–2015, based on intensive unit-based information on activity rates, production capacity, operation status, and control technologies, which improved the accuracy of the cement emissions in China. We found that, from 1990 to 2015, accompanied by a 10.9-fold increase in cement production, CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions from China's cement industry increased by 626 %, 59 %, and 658 %, whereas CO, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions decreased by 9 %, 66 %, and 63 %, respectively. In the 1990s, driven by the rapid growth of cement production, CO2 and air pollutant emissions increased constantly. Then, the production technology innovation of replacing traditional shaft kilns with the new precalciner kilns in the 2000s markedly reduced SO2, CO and PM emissions from the cement industry. Since 2010, the growing trend of emissions has been further curbed by a combination of measures, including promoting large-scale precalciner production lines and phasing out small ones, upgrading emission standards, installing low-NOx burners (LNB) and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) to reduce NOx emissions, as well as adopting more advanced particulate matter control technologies. Our study highlighted the effectiveness of advanced technologies on air pollutant emission control, however, CO2 emissions from China's cement industry kept growing throughout the period, posing challenges to future carbon emission mitigation in China.

The Effect of Parametric Variations on Formaldehyde Emissions From a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Olsen ◽  
Bryan D. Willson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Natural Gas Engine ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutant

Formaldehyde is a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) that is typically emitted from natural gas-fired internal combustion engines as a product of incomplete combustion. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently developing national emission standards to regulate HAP emissions, including formaldehyde, from stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines under Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This work investigates the effect that variations of engine operating parameters have on formaldehyde emissions from a large bore natural gas engine. The subject engine is a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF two-stroke cycle engine with a 14″ (36 cm) bore and a 14″ (36 cm) stroke. Engine parameter variations investigated include load, boost, ignition timing, inlet air humidity ratio, air manifold temperature, jacket water temperature, prechamber fuel supply pressure, exhaust backpressure, and speed. The data analysis and interpretation is performed with reference to possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms and in-cylinder phenomena.

25 Years of BBC/ABB/Alstom Lean Premix Combustion Technologies

2005 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Döbbeling ◽  
Jaan Hellat ◽  
Hans Koch
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
High Pressure Turbine ◽  
Premix Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Stream ◽  
Diffusion Burner

The paper will show the development of lean premix combustion technologies in BBC, ABB, and Alstom gas turbines. Different technologies have been developed and applied in Brown Boveri Company (BBC) before 1990. Considerable improvements with respect to NOx emissions as compared to gas turbines with a single combustor and a single diffusion burner for liquid and gaseous fuel have been achieved with burners with extended premixing sections and with multi-injection burners for annular combustors. Between 1990 and 2005, burners with short but effective premixing zones (EV burners: environmentally friendly V-shaped burners) have been implemented in all new gas turbines of the ABB (and later Alstom) fleet with NOx levels well below 25 vppmd (@15% O2). In addition to this, three variants of premix technologies have been successfully developed and deployed into Alstom GT engines: the sequential EV burners—a technology that allows premixing of natural gas and oil into a hot exhaust stream to reheat the exhaust gases of a first high-pressure turbine; the MBtu EV burners that are used to burn syngas in a premix flame with low NOx emissions; and the advanced EV burners (AEV) that are capable to prevaporize and premix liquid fuel prior to combustion and burn it with very low NOx emissions without water injection. The paper will give an overview of these technologies and their usage in Alstom gas turbines over the last 25years.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pollutants Along the National Road N2 in Togo using the AERMOD Dispersion Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawovi Mignanou Amouzouvi ◽  
Milohum Mikesokpo Dzagli ◽  
Koffi Sagna ◽  
Zoltán Török ◽  
Carmen Andreea Roba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
European Environmental Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
National Road

Background. Air pollution has become a major problem around the world and is increasingly an issue in Togo due to increased vehicular traffic. Gaseous pollutants are released by engines and are very harmful to human health and the environment. The fuels used on the major road in Togo, the N2, are adulterated with unknown contents and are of poor quality. Many of the vehicles come from neighboring countries, such as Benin, Ghana and Nigeria. Objectives. The present study aims to evaluate the pollution rate in Togo through the estimation of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particular matter (PM) on the international road, the National Road N2, in Lomé, compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard limit. Methods. The simulations of pollutant concentration were performed using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term Version 3 model, which is included in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (USEPA) AERMOD View software. The meteorological averages data were obtained from the local station near the National Road N2 in Togo in 2018. Hourly averages were calculated according to the European Monitoring Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 and were processed using AERMET View and a terrain pre-processor, AERMAP. For the model, the sources of pollution were the vehicles traveling on the road segment. The source was a line volume with 20 m of width and 2 m of height. The estimation methodology covered exhaust emissions of NOx, SO2 and PM contained in the fuel. Results. The simulations provided average hourly, daily and annual concentrations of the different pollutants: 71.91 μg/m3, 42.41 μg/m3,11.23 μg/m3 for SO2; 16.78 μg/m3, 9.89 μg/m3, 2.46 μg/m3 for NOx and below the detection limit, 0.62 μg/m3, 0.15 μg/m3 for PM, respectively. These results indicate that on the National Road N2 in Togo, the concentrations of SO2 were high compared to those of NOx and PM. The daily average concentration of SO2 was twice the permissible limits set by the WHO. Conclusions. Emissions obtained from the AERMOD for NOx and PM were less than the permissible limits set by the WHO, while the rate of SO2 was twice the permissible limit. The fuels used on this road were very rich in sulfur. The sulfur level in fuels must be monitored by stakeholders in Togo. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Ignition and Emissions From Natural Gas and LNG Fueled Gas Turbines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gokulakrishnan ◽  
C. C. Fuller ◽  
R. G. Joklik ◽  
M. S. Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Premixed Combustion ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Combustion Systems

Single digit NOx emission targets as part of gas turbine design criteria require highly accurate modeling of the various NOx formation pathways. The concept of lean, premixed combustion is adopted in various gas turbine combustor designs, which achieves lower NOx levels by primarily lowering the flame temperature. At these conditions, the post-flame thermal-NOx pathway contribution to the total NOx can be relatively small compared to that from the prompt-NOx and the N2O-route, which are enhanced by the super-equilibrium radical pathway at the flame front. In addition, new sources of natural gas fuel (e.g., imported LNG) with widely varying chemical compositions including higher order hydrocarbon components, impact flame stability, lean blow-out limits and emissions in existing lean premixed combustion systems. Also, the presence of higher order hydrocarbons can increase the risk of flashback induced by autoignition in the premixing section of the combustor. In this work a detailed chemical kinetic model was developed for natural gas fuels that consist of CH4, C2H6, C3H8, nC4H10, iC4H10, and small amounts of nC5H12, iC5H12 and nC6H14 in order to predict ignition behavior at typical gas turbine premixing conditions and to predict CO and NOx emissions at lean premixed combustion conditions. The model was validated for different NOx-pathways using low and high pressure laminar premixed flame data. The model was also extended to include a vitiated kinetic scheme to account for the influence of exhaust gas recirculation on fuel oxidation. The model was employed in a chemical reactor network to simulate a laboratory scale lean premixed combustion system to predict CO and NOx. The current kinetic mechanism demonstrates good predictive capability for NOx emissions at lower temperatures typical of practical lean premixed combustion systems.

Development of a Catalytic Combustor for Small Gas Turbines

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mori ◽  
J. Kitajima ◽  
S. Kajita ◽  
S. Ichihara
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Zone ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Variable Geometry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Catalytic Combustor ◽  
Full Scale Tests

To reduce NOx emissions significantly, a catalytic combustor was developed. Full scale tests of catalytic combustors designed for application in Kawasaki S1A-O2 type gas trubines were conducted. The combustor consisted of a pre-combustion zone, a premixing zone, a catalytic combustion zone, and a variable geometry dilution zone. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) was burned in combustor rig tests and results indicated low NOx emissions and high combustion efficiencies over a wide range of air/fuel ratios and that the catalytic combustor can be applied to the engine tests.

Burner Development for Flexible Engine Operation of the Newest Siemens Gas Turbines

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Prade ◽  
Ju¨rgen Meisl ◽  
Peter Berenbrink ◽  
Holger Streb ◽  
Stefan Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Wide Range

The newest Siemens gas turbine family has already been well received by the market. Nevertheless, the market drives continuing development of the family and the combustion system. Central focus is put on further increasing reliability and component lifetime and on increased inspection cycles, as well as increasing the engine power output and efficiency, which is directly linked to higher turbine inlet temperatures. Increasing attention, however, is given to the flexibility concerning fuel quality and according fluctuations. Additionally, more and more strict emission requirements must be considered. This paper especially reports on demonstration of the capability of the Siemens gas turbines with an annular combustion system to fulfil the requirements for the highest operational flexibility. Thus, the combustion system has been tested and qualified for the highest operating flexibility with special fuel requirements such as burning Naphtha, Light Oil #2 and Natural gas with an extremely wide range of heating values as well. Also special operation modes such as fuel changeover, fastest load changes for island grid operation, frequency response and load rejection require this highly flexible combustion system without any hardware exchange. In different frames when fired with natural gas, base load is reached with the NOx emissions ranging well below 25 ppmvd, confirming the high potential of this advanced hybrid burner. In liquid fuel operation, dry NOx emissions of 75ppmvd were demonstrated but by injecting fuel / water emulsion NOx emissions were reduced to below 42 ppmvd with different liquid fuel qualities. Combustion dynamics, unburned Hydrocarbons, CO and soot emissions remained always below the required limits.

Performance of a Natural Gas Engine Using Variable Air Composition

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munidhar S. Biruduganti ◽  
Sreenath B. Gupta ◽  
Steve McConnell ◽  
Raj Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Air Separation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polymeric Membrane ◽  
Nitrogen Enrichment ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Separation Membrane

A comparative analysis of nitrogen and oxygen enriched combustion is presented in this paper. Nitrogen enrichment of intake air is proposed as an alternative to Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). NOx reduction by EGR is not very promising due to engine reliability concerns and increased maintenance costs. Air separation membrane, on the other hand, is a potential strategy for NOx reduction due to uncompromised reliability of engine performance. Oxygen-rich and nitrogen-rich streams are produced by passing air through a nonporous polymeric membrane. Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) reduces NOx formation by lowering in-cylinder combustion temperatures but with a compromise in Fuel Conversion Efficiency (FCE). However, advanced ignition timing improves FCE considerably. Oxygen Enriched Air (OEA), on the other hand, improves FCE due to the availability of extra oxygen for better combustion which results in higher bulk gas temperatures and NOx emissions. This behavior could be controlled by retarding the ignition timing. Experimental results of nitrogen and oxygen enriched combustion of a Kohler M12 generator (converted to operate with natural gas) is presented in this paper. A 68% reduction in NOx and a 0.8% drop in FCE were observed at −30 ATDC ignition timing (IT) with 2.1% N2 enrichment (40 slpm). A 9% O2 enrichment (40 slpm) at −30 ATDC IT improved FCE by 1% but with higher NOx emissions. The increase in NOx emissions was minimal with a 2% improvement in FCE at −10 ATDC IT and 9% O2 enrichment (40 slpm). Some of the drawbacks encountered were engine misfire at higher concentrations of nitrogen enriched air and retarded ignition timing resulting in poor FCE. This paper discusses both the approaches and highlights the benefits of nitrogen enrichment using an air separation membrane over its counterpart for NOx reduction.

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