Offshore Arctic Pipeline Oil Spill Risk Assessment

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dinovitzer ◽  
G. Comfort ◽  
R. Lazor ◽  
D. Hinnah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Operational Failures

While offshore arctic pipelines have been under consideration for more than 25 years, few have been built. Renewed interest in offshore arctic oil and gas has necessitated the design of pipelines capable of both overcoming the technical challenges of the arctic offshore environment and minimizing the risk to it. This paper describes a quantitative risk assessment completed by BMT Fleet Technology Limited on the risk of an oil spill for several design alternatives of the proposed Liberty Pipeline that would be used to transport oil onshore from a production site in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. For the purposes of the study, risk was defined as the volume of oil expected to be released over the planned pipeline 20-year life. The investigation considered the risks associated with ice gouging, strudel scour, permafrost thaw subsidence, operational failures, corrosion, third party activities and thermal loads leading to upheaval buckling. Event probabilities for these hazards were established through the development of event trees used to combine historic operational failure statistics and those estimated through engineering analysis. A pipeline leakage consequence model was developed to quantify the oil volume released during pipeline failure events associated with rupture, through-wall cracking and pinhole leaks. The model considered secondary containment and the expected performance of leak detection and monitoring systems. The time to leak detection, shut down, and line evacuation were used in estimating the total spill volumes. The paper provides an overview of primary elements of the risk assessment including the hazard identification, reliability analysis and consequence modeling, and describes the challenges involved in this comparative risk analysis completed for this unique environment.

Applying the Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) to Improve Safety Management of Oil and Gas Pipeline Stations in China

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxing Feng ◽  
Xiaoqiang Xiang ◽  
Guangming Jia ◽  
Lianshuang Dai ◽  
Yulei Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Industrial Safety ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Oil Pipeline

The oil and gas pipeline companies in China are facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges because of China’s increasing demand for oil and gas energy that is attributed to rapid economic and social development. Limitation of land resource and the fast urbanization lead to a determinate result that many pipelines have to go through or be adjacent to highly populated areas such as cities or towns. The increasing Chinese government regulation, and public concerns about industrial safety and environmental protection push the pipeline companies to enhance the safety, health and environmental protection management. In recent years, PetroChina Pipeline Company (PPC) pays a lot of attention and effort to improve employees and public safety around the pipeline facilities. A comprehensive, integrated HSE management system is continuously improved and effectively implemented in PPC. PPC conducts hazard identification, risk assessment, risk control and mitigation, risk monitoring. For the oil and gas stations in highly populated area or with numerous employees, PPC carries out quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to evaluate and manage the population risk. To make the assessment, “Guidelines for quantitative risk assessments” (purple book) published by Committee for the Prevention of Disasters of Netherlands is used along with a software package. The basic principles, process, and methods of QRA technology are introduced in this article. The process is to identify the station hazards, determinate the failure scenarios of the facilities, estimate the possibilities of leakage failures, calculate the consequences of failures and damages to population, demonstrate the individual risk and social risk, and evaluate whether the risk is acceptable. The process may involve the mathematical modeling of fluid and gas spill, dispersion, fire and explosion. One QRA case in an oil pipeline station is described in this article to illustrate the application process and discuss several key issues in the assessment. Using QRA technique, about 20 stations have been evaluated in PPC. On the basis of the results, managers have taken prevention and mitigation plans to control the risk. QRAs in the pipeline station can provide a quantitative basis and valuable reference for the company’s decision-making and land use planning. Also, QRA can play a role to make a better relationship between the pipeline companies and the local regulator and public. Finally, this article delivers limitations of QRA in Chinese pipeline stations and discusses issues of the solutions.

Accident risk analysis of oil and gas facilities in Arctic climatic conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
N. A. Makhutov ◽  
A. M. Bol’shakov ◽  
M. I. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Hazardous Production ◽  
Event Trees

The probability of occurring emergency situations increases in conditions of severe climate of the Arctic. Therefore, addressing the problems related to the risk assessment of accidents at oil and gas facilities in the Arctic zones based on acceptable risk criteria is of particular importance. Uncontrollable development of emergency situations is followed by emission of a significant amount of oil products and constitutes serious ecological danger, and also can lead to considerable destructions and death of people resulted from fire and explosion. Therefore, the goal of the study is development of the methods for analysis and assessment of the risk of accidents in reservoirs and gas pipelines at low temperatures to increase the industrial safety of hazardous production facilities operating in conditions of the Arctic North. The results of brittle fracture analysis and accident risk assessment for reservoir and gas pipeline under arctic climatic conditions are presented. Statistical data processing of accidents allowed us to determine the rupture sources, develop a “fault tree” of brittle fracture of reservoirs, “event trees” of reservoir explosion and gas outflow from a gas pipeline, with allowance for the frequency of scenarios for quantitative risk assessment. Currently the probabilistic approach is considered one of the most promising. Accident statistics and experience of previous risk analyses can provide a useful contribution to the process of hazard identification. We focus on the scenario approach to the problems of hazard identification and assess the probability (frequency) of emergencies proceeding from the analysis and systematization of the statistical data on the accidents on reservoirs and gas pipelines at low ambient temperatures using the “event trees” and “fault trees” which provide determination of the most critical scenario and expected risk from accidents. Thus, risk assessment of accidents at hazardous production facilities in the Arctic zone using criteria of acceptable risk will allow estimation of hazards with unacceptable level of risk and development of recommendations and measures to reduce them.

Offshore Arctic Pipeline Oil Spill Risk Assessment

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Comfort ◽  
A. Dinovitzer ◽  
R. Lazor ◽  
D. Hinnah
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Barrier Islands ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Operational Failures ◽  
Pipeline Design

Renewed interest in offshore arctic oil and gas has led to the need for pipeline designs able to minimize environmental risk. A risk evaluation was conducted to assess the relative merits of pipeline concept designs for the Liberty Pipeline, which is intended to carry oil from BP/Amoco’s Liberty site to onshore Alaska. The Liberty site is inshore of the Barrier Islands in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, in 22 feet of water. The offshore portion of the pipeline is 6.12 miles long. Risk was defined as the oil volume expected to be spilled over the 20-year life of the Liberty Pipeline. Risks due to ice gouging, strudel scour, permafrost thaw subsidence, thermal loads leading to upheaval buckling, corrosion, third party activities, and operational failures were evaluated. Failure probabilities were assessed based on analyses of the pipeline’s response and failure criteria that were established. A consequence model was set up to quantify the oil volume released during a pipeline failure, considering the mode and location of failure as well as leak detection systems. The risk was evaluated by summing the product of event probability and consequence for each hazard. The relative risk is discussed for each pipeline design.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Quantitative Human Risk Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Using Integrated Satellite–UAV–Ground Survey Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4496
Author(s):  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Yunhong Lv ◽  
Haiben Yang ◽  
Yingyue Han ◽  
Jingyu Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Risk ◽  
Ground Survey

Landfills are the dominant method of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in many developing countries, which are extremely susceptible to failure under circumstances of high pore water pressure and insufficient compaction. Catastrophic landfill failures have occurred worldwide, causing large numbers of fatalities. Tianziling landfill, one of the largest engineered sanitary landfills in China, has experienced massive deformation since January 2020, making early identification and monitoring of great significance for the purpose of risk management. The human risk posed by potential landfill failures also needs to be quantitatively evaluated. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, and ground measurements were combined to obtain landfill deformation data in this study. The integrated satellite–UAV–ground survey (ISUGS) approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of landfill deformation and evolution. The deformation characteristics obtained using the InSAR technique and UAV photogrammetry were analyzed and compared. A close relationship between the most severe mobility events, precipitation episodes, and was observed. Based on early hazard identification using ISUGS, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) method and F-N curves were proposed, which can be applied to landfills. The comparison showed that ISUGS allowed a better understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of the landfill and more accurate QRA results, which could be as references for local governments to take effective precautions.

Quantitative Risk Assessment for Viral Contamination of Shellfish and Coastal Waters

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOAN B. ROSE ◽  
MARK D. SOBSEY
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Viral Contamination

Human pathogenic viruses have been detected from approved shellfish harvesting waters based on the fecal coliform indicator. Until recently it was difficult to assess viral contamination and the potential impact on public health. Risk assessment is a valuable tool which can be used to estimate adverse effects associated with microbial hazards. This report describes the use of quantitative risk assessment for evaluating potential human health impacts associated with exposure to viral contamination of shellfish. The four fundamental steps used in a formal risk assessment are described within and include i) Hazard identification, ii) Dose-response determination, iii) Exposure assessment, and iv) Risk characterization. Dose-response models developed from human feeding studies were used to evaluate the risk of infection from contaminated shellfish. Of 58 pooled samples, 19% were found to be positive for viruses. Using an echovirus-12 probability model, the individual risk was determined for consumption of 60 g of raw shellfish. Individual risks ranged from 2.2 × 10−4 to 3.5 × 10−2. These data suggest that individuals consuming raw shellfish from approved waters in the United States may have on the average a 1 in 100 chance of becoming infected with an enteric virus. Using the rotavirus model which represents a more infectious virus, the risk rose to 5 in 10. The potential for use of a risk assessment approach for developing priorities and strategies for control of disease is immense. Epidemiological data have demonstrated the significance of shellfish-associated viral disease and, although limited, appropriate virus occurrence data are available. Additional information on virus occurrence and exposure is needed, and then scientific risk assessment can be used to better assure the safety of seafood.

Advances from Arctic Oil Spill Response Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 1487-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph V. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Oil Spill Response

Abstract 2017-161 Over the past four decades, the oil and gas industry has made significant advances in being able to detect, contain and clean up spills and mitigate the residual consequences in Arctic environments. Many of these advances were achieved through collaborative research programs involving industry, academic and government partners. The Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme (JIP), was launched in 2012 and completed in early 2017 with the objectives of building on an already extensive knowledge base to further improve Arctic spill response capabilities and better understand the environmental issues involved in selecting and implementing the most effective response strategies. The JIP was a collaboration of nine oil and gas companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni, ExxonMobil, North Caspian Operating Company, Shell, Statoil, and Total) and focused on six key areas of oil spill response: dispersants; environmental effects; trajectory modeling; remote sensing; mechanical recovery and in-situ burning. The JIP provided a vehicle for sharing knowledge among the participants and international research institutions and disseminating information to regulators, the public and stakeholders. The network of engaged scientists and government agencies increased opportunities to develop and test oil spill response technologies while raising awareness of industry efforts to advance the existing capabilities in Arctic oil spill response. The JIP consisted of two phases, the first included technical assessments and state of knowledge reviews resulting in a library of sixteen documents available on the JIP website. The majority of the JIP efforts focused on Phase 2, actual experiments, and included laboratory, small and medium scale tank tests, and field research experiments. Three large-scale field tests were conducted in the winter and spring months of 2014–2016 including recent participation of the JIP in the 2016 NOFO oil on water exercise off Norway. The JIP was the largest pan-industry programme dedicated to oil spill response in the Arctic, ever carried out. Twenty seven research projects were successfully and safely conducted by the world’s foremost experts on oil spill response from across industry, academia, and independent scientific institutions in ten countries. The overarching goal of the research was to address the differing aspects involved in oil spill response, including the methods used, and their applicability to the Arctic’s unique conditions. All research projects were conducted using established protocols and proven scientific technologies, some of which were especially adjusted for ice conditions. This paper describes the scope of the research conducted, results, and key findings. The JIP is committed to full transparency in disseminating the results through peer reviewed journal articles, and all JIP research reports are available free of charge at www.arcticresponsetechnology.org.

In Situ Oil Spill Countermeasures in Ice-Infested Waters: A Modeling Study of the Fate/Behaviours of Spilled Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 1215-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Niu ◽  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Michel C. Boufadel ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Brian Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Oil Transport ◽  
Habitat Recovery ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Oil Biodegradation ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT The expansion of offshore oil and gas and marine transport activities in the Arctic have raised the level of risk for an oil spill to occur in the Arctic region. Existing technologies for oil spill cleanup in ice-covered conditions are limited and there is a need for improved oil spill countermeasures for use under Arctic conditions. A recent field study has assessed a proposed oil spill response technique in ice-infested waters based on the application of fine minerals in a slurry with mixing by propeller-wash to promote the formation of oil-mineral aggregates (OMA). While it was verified in the experimental study that the dispersion was enhanced and mineral fine additions promoted habitat recovery by enhancing both the rate and extent of oil biodegradation, limited monitoring data provide little insights on the fate of dispersed oil after the response. To help understand the oil transport process following mineral treatment in ice-covered conditions, mathematical modeling was used in this study to simulate the transport of OMA and calculate the mass balances of the spilled oil. To study the effects of ice and minerals on the fate and transport, the result was compared with scenarios without ice and without the addition of mineral fines. The results show general agreement between the modeling results and field observations, and further confirm the effectiveness and potential for using mineral treatment as a new oil spill counter-measure technology. This technique offers several operational advantages for use under Arctic conditions, including reduced number of personnel required for its application, lack of need for waste disposal sites, and cost effectiveness.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Petroleum Transportation Pipeline in Some Turkish Oil Fields

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokcen Ogutcu ◽  
Serhat Akin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
History Matching ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Failure Data ◽  
Risk Assessment Method ◽  
Pipeline Systems

This study concentrates on risk factors in oil field pipeline systems and covers identification of failure rate and reasons of failure comparison of the failure data, which are collected from oilfield pipeline systems located in South East Turkey. There are many methods and techniques to reduce or eliminate risk factors in pipeline systems. In this study, quantitative risk assessment method, which depends on statistical calculations, was applied. Monte Carlo Simulation was used to assess the risk in the system. This study focuses on identification of relationship between all parameters. History matching frequency, identification of critical factors, probability of density function have been estimated and calculated. The most significant failures are identified as corrosion, third party damage, mechanical failure, operational failure, weather effect and sabotage.

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment Matrix for Rotating Equipment

2013 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
pp. 647-651
Author(s):  
Mohd Amin bin Abd Majid ◽  
Rano Khan Wassan ◽  
Ainul Akmar Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Guide Vane ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Inlet Guide Vane ◽  
Risk Matrix ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Rotating Equipment ◽  
Blade Failure

In petrochemical, power generation, oil and gas industries and in variety of other sectors rotating equipments are in use to fulfill production requirements. Failure of rotating equipment, especially in such industries can result to risk related issues. A well implemented rotating equipment risk assessment strategy is most needed to achieve desired plant availability and efficiency. In this research semi-quantitative risk assessment approach is proposed to evaluate the risk of rotating equipment and categorize their associated failure risks. Borda ranking is adopted to evaluate the risk in order to minimize risk ties which exist in risk matrix. Compressor is taken as case study to show the applicability of the proposed method for rotating equipment. It was observed that risks of selected failure modes of gas turbine compressor fall in the categories of serious and medium levels based on risk matrix. Rotor bend distortion, blade failure or inlet guide vane failures needed more attention for treatment based on Borda ranking.

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