Comparison of Applicable Codes and Standards for Design of End Bulkheads of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheil Manouchehri ◽  
Jason Potter
Keyword(s):  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Code Changes ◽  
Division 2 ◽  
Double Wall

Pipe-In-Pipe (PIP) systems are increasingly used where the primary objective is to prevent wax deposition and/or hydrate formation and to achieve a low Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (OHTC) value. PIP systems are also increasingly considered as an additional protective layer against loss of containment (e.g. in Arctic pipelines) or to withstand the interaction of a third party (e.g. trawl gear impact) in lieu of costly pipeline burial. At the end of each PIP section, either at a midline connection or end point tie-in, bulkheads are used as a way of transition from a double wall (PIP) system to a single wall (hub in the subsea structure) system. End bulkheads are designed using detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in accordance with more stringent Pressure Vessel Codes (PVC) and manufactured by forging followed by heat treatment and detailed machining to the required dimensions. As the design of end bulkheads does not fall under the Pipeline Codes, a distinction (so called “code break”) may be required on where the governing code changes from the PVC to a Pipeline Code. This paper firstly discusses the application and validity of internationally known PVCs (ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 2 [1], BS EN 13445 [2], PD 5500 [3]) that can be used in the design of end bulkheads. This is then shown in practice by using an example of a typical end bulkhead, designed to various PVCs. Finally, results are compared and conclusions and recommendations are made.

Applicability of Design Rules for Openings in Shells, ASME B&PV Code, Section VIII, Division 2 - A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurumurthy Kagita ◽  
Krishnakant V. Pudipeddi ◽  
Subramanyam V. R. Sripada
Keyword(s):  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
Area Method ◽  
Replacement Method ◽  
Local Stresses ◽  
Pressure Area ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Division 2

Abstract The Pressure-Area method is recently introduced in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) Code, Section VIII, Division 2 to reduce the excessive conservatism of the traditional area-replacement method. The Pressure-Area method is based on ensuring that the resistive internal force provided by the material is greater than or equal to the reactive load from the applied internal pressure. A comparative study is undertaken to study the applicability of design rules for certain nozzles in shells using finite element analysis (FEA). From the results of linear elastic FEA, it is found that in some cases the local stresses at the nozzle to shell junctions exceed the allowable stress limits even though the code requirements of Pressure-Area method are met. It is also found that there is reduction in local stresses when the requirement of nozzle to shell thickness ratio is maintained as per EN 13445 Part 3. The study also suggests that the reinforcement of nozzles satisfy the requirements of elastic-plastic stress analysis procedures even though it fails to satisfy the requirements of elastic stress analysis procedures. However, the reinforcement should be chosen judiciously to reduce the local stresses at the nozzle to shell junction and to satisfy other governing failure modes such as fatigue.

User’s Design Specification Preparation for 2¼Cr-1Mo-¼V Reactors in Accordance With ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Code and Code Case 2605

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslav Stefanovic ◽  
Alicia Avery ◽  
Kanhaiya Bardia ◽  
Reza Kabganian ◽  
Vasile Oprea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Design Specification ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Reheat Cracking ◽  
Inelastic Analysis ◽  
Allowable Stresses ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Fatigue Evaluation ◽  
Division 2

Today’s hydroprocessing reactor manufacturers use 2¼Cr–1Mo–¼V steel to build lighter reactors than conventional Cr-Mo reactors. Manufacturing even lighter hydroprocessing reactors has been enabled with the introduction of the new ASME Section VIII Division 2 Code, initially released in 2007. The higher allowable stresses in the new Division 2 for these Vanadium-modified steels permits even lighter reactors to be built while maintaining suitable design margins. The new Division 2 Code requires additional engineering to ensure safe design. One of the challenges the engineer is faced with, is preparation of the User’s Design Specification (UDS) including new and more stringent requirements for fatigue evaluation. As the operating temperature of the rector is higher than 371°C, engineers have to evaluate the fatigue life of the reactor in accordance with Code Case 2605 (CC2605). CC2605 requires inelastic analysis and evaluation effects of creep. Vanadium-modified reactors require additional care during fabrication to prevent higher hardness around weld areas, reheat cracking, and reduced toughness at lower temperatures in the “as welded” condition. This paper provide guidance for the preparation of an ASME Section VIII Division 2 User’s Design Specification including process descriptions of all the cycles expected for the life of the rector and analysis requested by CC2605. An example of such an analysis, including finite element analysis results, is provided in this paper. Requirements to provide the material specification is also discussed with an emphasis on prevention of reheat cracking, hardenability, and temper and hydrogen embitterment.

A New Method of Stress Linearization for Design by Analysis in Pressure Vessel Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 598 ◽  
pp. 194-197
Author(s):  
Hong Jun Li ◽  
Qiang Ding ◽  
Xun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
New Method ◽  
Stress Distributions ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Stress Tensors ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Division 2

Stress linearization is used to define constant and linear through-thickness FEA (Finite Element Analysis) stress distributions that are used in place of membrane and membrane plus bending stress distributions in pressure vessel Design by Analysis. In this paper, stress linearization procedures are reviewed with reference to the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Division 2 and EN13445. The basis of the linearization procedure is stated and a new method of stress linearization considering selected stress tensors for linearization is proposed.

Stress Classification Using the R-Node Method

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihab F. Z. Fanous ◽  
R. Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Shell Elements ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Stress Classification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Asme Code ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Division 2

The ASME Code Section III and Section VIII (Division 2) provide stress classification guidelines to interpret the results of a linear elastic finite element analysis. These guidelines enable the splitting of the generated stresses into primary, secondary and peak. The code gives some examples to explain the suggested procedures. Although these examples may reflect a wide range of applications in the field of pressure vessel and piping, the guidelines are difficult to use with complex geometries. In this paper, the r-node method is used to investigate the primary stresses and their locations in both simple and complex geometries. The method is verified using the plane beam and axisymmetric torispherical head. Also, the method is applied to analyze 3D straight and oblique nozzle modeled using both solid and shell elements. The results of the analysis of the oblique nozzle are compared with recently published experimental data.

Comparison of Design by Analysis Methods

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Rectangular Cross Section ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Direct Route ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Air Cooler ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Division 2

The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the two well known Design by Analysis methods for unfired pressure vessels: the stress categorisation method (as given e.g. in the 2004 ASME B&BV Code Section VIII Division 2 [1], and EN 13445-3 Annex C [2]) and the new Direct Route (using elastic-plastic finite-element analysis) as given in EN 13445-3 Annex B [2]. A comparison of results is given for examples of various degree of difficulty to show the principal ideas and the applicability of the two approaches: a dished end with a nozzle in the knuckle region, a cylindrical shell to flat end connection and a rather complex header of an air cooler with rectangular cross section. As shown by the considered examples, the Direct Route method gives unique solutions (which is not always the case for stress categorisation) and can be advantageous in some cases, but requires a more time consuming analysis. The questionable design limits given by the 3f-criterion of the stress categorisation method can be avoided by usage of the progressive plastic deformation design check of the Direct Route if the required number of action cycles is low.

scholarly journals Plate Pack Structural Integrity Analysis for Plate and Shell Heat Exchangers at High Temperatures and Pressures

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168781401990124
Author(s):  
Noh Hyun-Seok ◽  
Cho Jong-Rae ◽  
Song Seung-Hun
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Plate And Shell ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Integrity Analysis ◽  
Division 2

Heat exchangers capable of withstanding high temperature and pressure are required to achieve increased thermal efficiency and compactness. A welded plate and shell heat exchanger, developed for applications involving pressures up to 150 bar and temperatures up to 600 °C, has exhibited advantages that allow a more wide use of heat exchangers. However, few studies have tested the structural integrity of the plate pack of this design. In this paper, the structural integrity of the heat transfer pack was tested using finite element analysis. Elastic and elastic-plastic models were applied for one set of heat transfer plates, while layers of two and four plates were used to verify the effect of the boundary conditions. The plate results were evaluated according to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Division 2. Finally, the function of the end plate in the plate packs was numerically studied.

A Suggested Shell∕Plate Finite Element Nozzle Model Evaluation Procedure

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Porter ◽  
Dennis H. Martens ◽  
S. M. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Plate Elements ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Shell Plate ◽  
American Society ◽  
Division 2

A procedure for evaluating the stress results of a finite element analysis employing shell∕plate elements is proposed based on several previous papers by the authors and a review of other related publications. This procedure relates the stress levels produced by the finite element software to the provisions of ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 2 (ASME, 2004, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York).

Comparison of the Requirements of the British R5, French RCC-MRx, Proposed New Rules in ASME Section VIII, and API 579 Codes in the Design of a Cylinder Subjected to Pressure With Thermal Gradient at Elevated Creep Temperatures

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Anderson ◽  
Nadarajah Chithranjan ◽  
Maan Jawad ◽  
Antoine Martin
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Cylindrical Shell ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Sample Problem ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Buckling Strength ◽  
Creep Fatigue ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Division 2

The authors analyze two sample problems using four different international codes in the evaluation. The first is the British R5 code, the second is the French RCC-MRx code, third is the ASME Section VIII, Division 2, code using proposed new simplified rules taken from the ASME nuclear code section NH, and the fourth is the API 579 code. The requirements, assumptions, and limitations of each of the four codes as they pertain to the sample problems are presented. The first sample problem is for creep-fatigue analysis of a cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure with a linear thermal gradient through the wall. The second sample problem is evaluating the critical buckling strength of the cylindrical shell under external pressure in accordance with proposed new rules in ASME Section VIII, Division 2, API 579, and a finite element analysis. Paper published with permission.

A Special Pipe Support Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 601 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Costin Ilinca ◽  
Serban Vasilescu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
Geometrical Configuration ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Special Items ◽  
Dangerous Situation ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Limited Length ◽  
Division 2

There are many cases in the usual engineering practice when the pipes have to be supported with special items like horizontal and vertical trunions on elbows. Usually these special supports have a geometrical configuration in which the ratio d/D has to be less than 1(d represents the main diameter of the trunion and D the main diameter of the elbows or pipes). In the paper is presented a special finite element analysis for trunions based on the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Cod, Section VIII, Division 2. The analysis is limited for the 1.5D bends. The study is realized in two main cases: when the boundary conditions are imposed to the end of a trunion with a limited length and when the boundary conditions are imposed at the end of the real length of the trunion. There are also analyzed some different geometries of trunions in order to obtain the most favorable ratio between the main diameters of the supports and elbows. The forces and moments imposed as boundary conditions for the trunions have been calculated using Coade Caesar 5.30 program. The analysis has been performed in the main load cases such as: sustained, expansion and occasional. The results obtained present the stresses and deflections both in elbows and trunions in order to compare the maximum equivalent stresses with the allowable values. The calculation of the trunions has been completed taking into consideration the heavy thermal loads on the pipes. Some cases of thermal distributions on the trunion have been considered in order to check the most dangerous situation. This study contains also the effect of the corrosion of the pipes and elbows that are connected directly with the trunions.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of Gasket in Pressure Vessel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1390-1393
Author(s):  
Sanjana Jaishankara
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Applied Loading ◽  
Sealing Performance ◽  
Riveted Joints ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Division 2

Abstract: Pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold liquids or gases at a pressure which are higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. These pressure vessels are not made as a single component but manufacture with an assembly of many other components and connected through bolted joints or riveted joints or welded joints. These joints are susceptible to failure and cause leakage of the liquid or gas which are very dangerous and sometimes causes heavy loss of life, health and property. Hence proper care has to be taken during the design analysis processes by following ASME section VIII division 1 which specifies the design-by-formula approach while division 2 contains a set of alternative rules based on design by Analysis (FEA) to determine the expected deformation and stresses that may develop during operation. The ASME section-VIII division-2 standards are used for the design of pressure vessel. Leakage in gasketed flanged joints have always been a great problem for the process industry. The sealing performance of a gasketed flanged joints depends on its installation and applied loading conditions. The present project work involves the design procedure and stress analysis (Structural Analysis) for the leak proof pressure vessel at the gasket under three different gasket conditions. Keywords: 1. FEM, 2. ASME, 3. ANSYS, 4. Gasket,5. Displacement,6. Stress

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