Retrofitting Fossil Power Plants for Increased Flexibility

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Kumar ◽  
Sundar Venkataraman ◽  
Debra Lew ◽  
Greg Brinkman ◽  
David Palchak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
North America ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Renewable Generation ◽  
Operational Flexibility ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wear And Tear

Increased renewable generation on the grid along with market deregulation has resulted in a significant increase in the cycling of coal and gas-fired power plant. This increase in cycling will result in increased wear-and-tear costs for units that were not traditionally designed for cycling. Asset owners can make operational changes to mitigate the wear-and-tear impact or alternatively retrofit existing units for improved flexibility. With retrofits, these plants can provide increased operational flexibility, or in other words cycle more, but this comes at an initial cost. On the other hand, increased flexibility in terms of faster starts, better turndowns and ramp rates also provides opportunity for the asset owners to recover their costs in the market. This paper evaluates the operational, as well as cost-benefit of retrofitting power plants for flexibility using a portfolio of generation resources in North America.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Capacity Utilization of Thermal Power (Coal) Plants in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Kumar Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermal Power Plants ◽  
Draft Report ◽  
Utilization Factor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Energy Shortage

As on 31.03.2020, 55.4 % (205135 MW) of total installed capacity (370106 MW) in India is through coal and lignite based power plants. These plants, set up by central, state and private utilities with substantial capital investment are facing consistently reducing Plant Utilization Factor (known as Plant Load Factor, PLF, in India). In the year 2019-20 the national average thermal power PLF stood at 55.4%, down from 78.6 % in 2007-08. On the other hand, the electricity demand is consistently rising in the country and there exists a peak and energy shortage at national level. In 2019-20 energy shortage was 0.7 % and peak shortage was 0.5 %. A disturbing paradox therefore exists here. On one hand, the country is power deficit, and on the other hand, a large amount of coal based affordable power, ready to be generated by thermal power generators, remains grossly unused. Looking into the fact that considerable investment has gone into developing these thermal power generation assets in the country, the falling PLF is a matter of concern for all the key stakeholders including the power producers, lenders, regulators and consumers. This paper identifies seven major factors that are affecting PLF of thermal power plants and then makes an attempt to project future scenario of PLF so that critical stakeholders can intervene through appropriate actions. Primary research with responses from power professionals has been used to find out the major factors. Future projection of PLF has been done using Partial Least Square (PLS) regression. Projection shows that in the Business As Usual case (Factors increasing at the current CAGR rate), the thermal power plants will face very low level of PLF (14.76 %) by 2024-25. This will mean that many plants will be shut down and many will run for only few hours in a day that too at very low loads. If the future generation mix is kept as indicated by Central Electricity Authority (CEA), a Govt. of India in its report (Draft report on optimal generation capacity mix for 2029-30- CEA- Govt of India) then the thermal power plant average PLF can sustain above 68 % until 2024-25. If followed, this path can be a breather for the thermal power plants.

completed machine would almost certainly be less than half that of a completed machine of the same kind. How s1(3) operates has been the subject of a detailed and critical analysis by Robert Goff J in the case of BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2), the defendant was granted a concession to explore for oil in Libya. He did not have the physical resources to carry out the exploration himself, so he sold a half share in the concession to BP, on condition that they would bear the initial cost of exploration. Accordingly, under this arrangement, BP’s expenses at the outset were likely to be very substantial, but on the assumption that oil was discovered, that expenditure would be recouped as oil continued to come on stream. The nature of the contract was that should oil not be discovered, the risk would be borne by BP, but, on the assumption that oil was discovered, BP’s expenses would be paid for out of the defendant’s receipts. Oil was discovered in 1967, but in 1971, the Libyan Government expropriated BP’s share of the concession and, in 1973, the defendant’s share was also expropriated. Accordingly, BP had received some payment, but this went only so far as to cover two-thirds of their initial expenditure. On the other hand, since the defendant had no expenses, all moneys received by him amounted to profit once the concession had been paid for. Goff J adopted a two stage approach to s1(3), stating that it was necessary first to identify and value what benefit had been conferred on the defendant, since on the wording of s1(3), this set a ceiling on the amount which could be awarded by way of a just sum. Secondly, it was necessary to award a just sum, taking account of the value of the benefit conferred and the cost to the performer of the work he had done prior to the frustrating event. For these purposes, the benefit to the defendant will be assessed by reference to the end product of the service provided by the other party: BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 783, p 799

1995 ◽  
pp. 388-392
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost

Is Your Power Plant Headed for a HILP? How to Avoid, Detect or Mitigate High Impact–Low Probability (HILP) Events

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Richwine ◽  
G. Scott Stallard ◽  
G. Michael Curley
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Low Probability

In recent years some power companies have instituted programs aimed at reducing or eliminating their power plants’ unreliability caused by abnormal events that occur infrequently but result in extended unplanned outages when they do occur, i.e. High Impact–Low Probability events (HILPs). HILPs include catastrophic events such as turbine water induction, boiler explosions, generator winding failures, etc. Many of these successful programs have relied on the detailed reliability data contained in the North American Electric Reliability Corporation’s (NERC) Generating Availability Data System (GADS) that contains data collected over the past 25 years from 5000+ generating units in North America. Using this data, these companies have been able to 1) benchmark their fleet’s unreliability due to HILPs against their North American peers, 2) prioritize their peer group’s susceptibility to various HILP modes and 3) use root cause data contained within the NERC-GADS data base to help identify and evaluate ways to proactively prevent, detect and/or mitigate the consequences of HILP events. This paper will describe the methods used in these successful programs in sufficient detail to enable others to adopt the techniques for application at their own generating plants.

XLI.—The Efficiency of Metallic Filament Lamps

1910 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Houstoun
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Source ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Metallic Filament ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Commercial Value ◽  
Filament Lamps

Practical men are accustomed to measure the efficiency of a glow-lamp in watts per candle or, in other words, by the quantity of energy which must be supplied to it for every mean spherical candle-power of light it gives. The energy supplied is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter, and the mean spherical candle-power is obtained on the photometric bench by comparing the light given in different directions with that of some standard source. The watts per candle together with the life and initial cost of the lamp determine its commercial value.On the other hand, we may regard the lamp as an energy-transforming device, and measure its efficiency by the percentage of electrical energy it transforms into light.

scholarly journals Contribution to identify the causal gents of Dutch elm disease in the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dvořák ◽  
M. Tomšovský ◽  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Novotný
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Ophiostoma Ulmi ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subspecies Level ◽  
First Time

This study provides new data on Dutch elm disease in the Czech Republic. <I>Ophiostoma novo-ulmi</I> is reported for the first time in the area of the Czech Republic, as well as both subspecies ssp. <I>novo-ulmi</I> (indigenous in the area of the Ukraine and Moldavia), and ssp. <I>Americana</I> indigenous in North America. The majority of the recorded strains belonged to <I>O. n.-u.</I> ssp. <I>novo-ulmi</I>, while <I>O. n.-u.</I> ssp. <I>Americana</I> and hybrids of these two subspecies were found less frequently. On the other hand, <I>Ophiostoma ulmi</I> was not found at all in the investigated samples. Identification on the subspecies level was performed by methods of molecular biology, i.e. PCR and RFLP of gene regions<I> cu</I> and <I>col1</I>.

Reduced Mobility or the Bow and Arrow? Another Look at “Expedient” Technologies and Sedentism

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim A. Railey
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
North America ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bow And Arrow ◽  
Reduced Mobility ◽  
Subsistence Practices

Parry and Kelly (1987) argued for a causal link between expedient technologies and sedentism, and their explanation has widely influenced lithic analysts. There are some problems with their explanation, however, including disconnects in the reported timing of the shifts to expedient technologies, agricultural intensification, and sedentism. On the other hand, across much of North America the transition to an expedient technology appears to correlate more closely to the arrival of the bow and arrow. This is supported by data from a large excavation project in southern New Mexico, which shows that indicators of the shift to an expedient technology cannot be attributed to reduced mobility or any observable changes in subsistence practices, but do appear to correlate temporally with the appearance of arrow points.

scholarly journals Economic impact of 30km/h - Benefits and Costs of Speeds in an urban environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-51
Author(s):  
Kazuyuki Neki ◽  
Milly Lumumba ◽  
Sudeshna Mitra ◽  
Soames Job
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Speed has fundamental economic costs which are hidden for many stakeholders. On the other hand, the economic benefits of speed are highly visible and strongly promoted by benefiting stakeholders and indeed carefully considered in cost-benefit assessments by road operating agencies. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to explore and present the benefits and costs of low speed roads in urban environments.

Impatiens parviflora (small balsam).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Tanner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Impatiens Parviflora ◽  
Undisturbed Forest ◽  
Successful Invader

Abstract I. parviflora is an exceptionally successful invader of many European countries. Its spread has been rapid, it is abundant in many parts of its exotic range and is one of few plants to successfully invade undisturbed forest vegetation. It is consequently regarded as undesirable by some, though there is little evidence of negative economic, social or environmental impacts. Further spread in central Europe is not likely as the species is already very abundant. In North America, on the other hand, it is still very localized. Even without clear evidence for impacts, a further spread there should not be encouraged by deliberate or careless transport of the species.

Effect of Multicomponent Mixtures on Cycles With Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Vesely ◽  
Vaclav Dostal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multicomponent Mixtures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cycle Efficiency ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

With the increasing interest in solar and geothermal power plants as well as waste heat recovery systems from many technologies, the whole world is more focused on gas power cycles. Especially, the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycles are very interesting for these applications. This is due to many advantages of the S-CO2 cycles over the other cycles such as a steam-water cycle or helium cycle. On the other hand, S-CO2 cycles have also disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is presence of impurities in the cycles. The big question is the effect of these impurities in the CO2, which can occur as impurities or can be suitably added to the pure CO2. From the previous research, it is obvious that binary mixtures affect the cycle as they influence cycle component design and thus the overall efficiency of the power cycle. The biggest effect of mixtures is on the heat exchangers and compressor, which operate close to the critical point. The positive effect of the binary mixtures is observed in the recuperative heat exchanger. On the other hand, negative effects occurs in the cooler. Therefore, the Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU) conducted research on supercritical carbon dioxide cycles, which is focused on the effect of the gaseous admixtures in S-CO2 on the different cycle components. The main goal of this paper is to describe the effect of gaseous admixtures on the efficiency of the cycles and their effect on each component. The first part of the study is focused on the calculation of the basic cycles for binary mixtures and description of the effect on the compressor and the cycle efficiency. The second part of the study is focused on the calculation of the basic cycles for multicomponent mixtures. In this part, the effect of the mixtures for different compositions and amounts of the individual mixture components will be presented. The calculations are performed for pure CO2 and then for selected multicomponent mixtures. A basic multicomponent mixture includes mixtures from technology of carbon capture and storage. Other multicomponent mixtures are combinations of previously investigated gaseous admixtures such as He, CO, O2, N2, H2, CH4 and H2S. The last part of the study is focused on the optimization of individual basic cycles for different amount of admixtures in CO2. The result of this study defines the optimum composition of multicomponent mixtures and describes their effect on the cycle efficiency for the particular utilization of S-CO2 cycle.

The regions of infestation of wool by Noogoora burr (Xanthium strumarium), their climates and the biological control of the weed

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Wapshere
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pyralid Moth

The distribution in Australia of a vegetable fault in wool caused by Noogoora burr, Xanthium stumarium, is outlined. The climates of the region in Australia where the burr produces maximum contamination of wool and where it is of the greatest economic importance are compared with the climates of North America (Texas) and the Indian subcontinent (New Delhi) from where the cerambycids, Mecas saturnina and Nupserha vexator, have been introduced respectively as biological control agents for the weed. The comparisons suggest that neither agent is climatically pre-adapted to the region in Australia where Noogoora burr has the greatest economic importance. On the other hand, a pyralid moth, Oeobia vevbascalis, from Pakistan is well adapted to the climates of the regions affected.

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