scholarly journals Survey of Packaging Requirements for the Transport of Highly Hazardous Materials

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Leduc ◽  
Allen C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Chemical Hazards

Among hazardous materials those which are most dangerous fall into three categories: chemical, biological, and radioactive. The DOT hazard classes for these three categories are Hazard Class 2.3 (poisonous gases) and 6.1 (toxic substances) for chemical hazards, Hazard Class 6.2 (infectious substances) for biological hazards and Hazard Class 7 for radioactive material (RAM) hazards. The packaging requirements for chemical and biological hazards are outlined and compared with RAM packaging requirements. RAM packages are found to be able to withstand much more severe performance tests than packages for other, more lethal hazards.

scholarly journals Alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. and their Pharmacological Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 766-775
Author(s):  
Aidos Doskaliyev ◽  
Roza Seidakhmetova ◽  
D. S. Tutai ◽  
Kristina Goldaeva ◽  
V.K. Surov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase A ◽  
Antihypoxic Activity ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

Peganum harmala L. contains 17 alkaloids of quinazoline and indole structure types. Of these, harmaline, harmine, harmalol and L-peganin (vazicin) are pharmacologically active. It was established that of the alkaloids contained in the seeds, 50-95% is dominated by harmaline, harmine is dominated in the roots (67-74% of the total of extractive substances), and in the aerial part, the main mass is peganin (up to 78% of the total of alkaloids). Beta-carboline alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. inhibit monoamine oxidase, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect. This article is devoted to the results of studies of the neurotropic action of harmine hydrochloride, when compared with the activity of the reference drug “Amitriptyline”. It was shown that the use of harmine hydrochloride helps to reduce the level of anxiety in animals under conditions of experimental psychoemotional chronic stress with prolonged administration. In the study of acute and chronic toxicity, it was determined that harmine hydrochloride belongs to the category of moderately toxic substances (hazard class II). According to the results of molecular docking, the presence of strong bonds in harmine hydrochloride with the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, dopamine D2 receptor, as well as monoamine oxidase A and B was revealed, which indicates the implementation of the mechanism of neurotropic action of harmine hydrochloride at the level of synaptic neurotransmission of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin and others). It was also established that harmine hydrochloride eliminates haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats, reduces oligokinesia and rigidity in the Parkinson’s test, has antihypoxic activity in the hypobaric hypoxia test, and exhibits pronounced antidepressant activity in the Porsolt’s test. In the course of the study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, it was revealed that with the administration of harmine hydrochloride, the quantitative content is quickly achieved and the concentration of the active substance in the blood significantly increases. The relative bioavailability of harmine hydrochloride is 112.7%.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE SAFETY OPERATION OF THE ENTERPRISE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Fomin ◽  
L. A. Alikbayeva ◽  
L. V. Lukovnikova ◽  
G. I. Sidorin ◽  
N. N. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Chronic Poisoning ◽  
Total List ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Safety Operation ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

The purpose of the study is to provide toxicological-hygienic assessment of components the production of polyvinyl chloride, substantiate safe levels of chemicals in air of the working area and preventive measures on optimization conditions both of work and residence of the population. Material and methods. The object of the study was the complex of production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The program of research included the study of the technological process; evaluation of the toxicity and dangers of new chemicals; the characteristic of sources of air emissions; health risk assessment of the population; justification of the size sanitary-protective zone. Results. The enterprise for the production of PVC can be potential source of the environmental pollution, with the priority to pollution of the atmosphere and working area air. The main organized emission sources of the chemicals are departments for the production of chlorine, vinyl chloride monomer, polyvinyl chloride and flare units. New components of production are ntioxidant IRGASTAB PVC76 and plasticizer Plastomoll DOA on physic-chemical and toxic characteristics fail to pose a risk of acute and chronic poisoning by inhalation routes of exposure, the parameters of acute toxicity refer to the 4th class of danger and seem to be low-hazard substances. Antioxidant IRGASTAB PVC 76 under repeated applications leads to mild irritation of the skin, characterized by a slightly pronounced cumulative properties, in contact with a high likelihood of sensitization of the organism; the introduction inhibits the activity of cytochrome P-450-dependent that may result in the violation of the detoxifying function of the liver. Antioxidant IRGASTAB PVC 76 under repeated applications leads to a slight irritation of the skin, characterized by mild cumulative properties, contact likely to develop sensitization of the organism; upon administration inhibits the activity of cytochrome P-450-dependent MOG that might lead to a violation of the detoxifying liver function. Emissions to the atmosphere can contain up to 50 polluting chemicals. The main contribution to emissions comprises substances of the 3 and 4 hazard class, it is related with extremely dangerous and highly dangerous chemicals up to 32% of the total list of toxic substances. Indices of non-cancer risk with or without accounting background are at an acceptable level, the probability of the carcinogenic risk is small. There is a possibility risk of developing obsessive smell of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorethene and chloroform.

Development of an Express Method for Studying the Toxicity of Modern Cable Compounds’ Combustion Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
N. Anikin ◽  
N. Mel'nikov ◽  
A. Monahov ◽  
A. Garmashov
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Express Method ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Legal Documents

In case of fire, combustible materials and products made on their basis have a decisive role in the development of combustion, formation and spread of foreground risks. Normative legal documents restrict the use of fire hazardous materials, but it is impossible to exclude their use completely. In case of fire, in addition to flame and high temperatures are formed smoke and toxic gaseous products of combustion. The basis of the most common products is polyvinyl chloride - one of the most common fire hazardous materials, whose production volumes have only increased in recent years. In the course of this work, an express method has been developed and tested for the qualitative and quantitative determination of toxic substances contained in combustion products of plastic compounds based on polyvinyl chloride.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF FARMERS’ INTERNAL FACTORS WITH THE ABILITY TO KNOW HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Eko Prasetya Widianto ◽  
Suhari Suhari ◽  
Rizeki Dwi Fibriansari ◽  
Arista Maisyaroh
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Work Tenure

Background: Work in agricultural areas is one of the occupations that are at risk with the accident and death rates. Hazardous and toxic material is one of the risks that can threaten the health of farmers, which is very important to be known by farmers.Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the internal factors of farmers on the ability to recognize hazardous and toxic materials.Methods: The design of this study used descriptive correlation design. Population in this study are farmers who are members of farmer groups in the working area of the Department of Agriculture in Lumajang Regency who are members of a joint group of farmers under the guidance of the Agriculture Office of Lumajang Regency. The sampling technique in this study used simple random sampling obtained samples were 45 farmers. Instrument of this study demographic data of the respondents and questionnaire that was adopted from PP No. 74, 2001 concerning the management of hazardous and toxic materials in agricultural areas. The questionnaire consists of 25 items with Cronbach Alpha .726. The data of this study were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.Results: Based on the results of the study found that two internal factors of farmers related to the ability of farmers to recognize hazardous and toxic materials in agricultural areas, namely education and work tenure, with a significance level of 0,000 less than 0.05. Education and work tenure of farming affect the experience of farmers so that the level of knowledge of farmers increases. Farmers are more aware of the effects of hazardous and toxic substances on their health according to their level of knowledge.Conclusion: Prevention of poisoning due to hazardous and toxic substances in agricultural areas can be developed by increasing health promotion and increasing farmers' knowledge to become more familiar with hazardous and toxic substances on label recognition, composition, mixing storage and their effects on health. Keywords: Hazardous Materials, Toxic Materials, Farmers

scholarly journals Statutory, legal, scientific and productive aspects of conditions and prospects of development of antidote therapy in the Russian Federation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Research Production ◽  
Chemical Hazards ◽  
The Russian Federation

The modern period in the development of the world community and the Russian Federation in particular is characterized by the globalization of chemical danger. The increase of chemical hazards is determined by the growing potential of the chemical industry in developed countries, widespread use of highly toxic substances in industry, presence of not destroyed stockpiles of chemical weapons abroad, bolstering terrorist manifestations etc. In these circumstances one of the components of the concept of medical support for chemical safety is the existence of a scientifically based system for the development and application of medical technologies for the treatment and prophylaxis of chemical poisoning. The system of emergency specialized toxicological assistance that exists in the Russian Federation suggests the use of means of antidote therapy. However, the analysis of the reports of centers / departments of acute poisoning indicates the lack of significant means of specific pharmacotherapy there. Also there are no important antidotes to cyanides, irritants or alcohol substitutes on Russia's pharmaceutical market. After the analysis of the state of the scientific, technological and industrial base, as well as the analysis of the potential hazards of a chemical nature, it is necessary to underline, that the main directions for the optimization of the antidote therapy system in the Russian Federation should include experimental and clinical studies aimed at the development and creation of innovative antidotes (or adaptation and licensing of various pharmacopeial drugs). The short-term tasks of research, production and regulatory development of the antidote therapy system in the Russian Federation are connected with the completion of the development, registration and acceptance of domestic means of antidote therapy (antidotes to cyanides, combustion products, irritants, psychodisleptics), improvement of technical means of applying existing antidotes, legal regulations in the sphere of providing access to antidotes for medical units and organizations

Potential Effects of Historic Rail Accidents on the Integrity of Spent Nuclear Fuel Transportation Packages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Bajwa ◽  
Earl P. Easton
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Us ◽  
Regulatory Commission

The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) completed an analysis of historical rail accidents (from 1975 to 2005) involving hazardous materials and long duration fires in the United States. The analysis was initiated to determine what types of accidents had occurred and what impact those types of accidents could have on the rail transport of spent nuclear fuel. The NRC found that almost 21 billion miles of freight rail shipments over a 30 year period had resulted in a small number of accidents involving the release of hazardous materials, eight of which involved long duration fires. All eight of the accidents analyzed resulted in fires that were less severe than the “fully engulfing fire” described as a hypothetical accident condition in the NRC regulations for radioactive material transport found in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71, Section 73. None of the eight accidents involved a release of radioactive material. This paper describes the eight accidents in detail and examines the potential effects on spent nuclear fuel transportation packages exposed to the fires that resulted from these accidents.

SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF THE NEW DRUG "MT-6" IN AN ACUTE EXPERIMENT ON WHITE MICE

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-707
Author(s):  
G.A. Vostroilova ◽  
◽  
N.A. Khokhlova ◽  
Y.A. Chaplygina ◽  
M.S. Bogdanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Acute Experiment ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Isotonic Sodium Chloride

The article presents the results of assessing the safety of the new drug "MT-6" in an acute experiment on white mice. Experiments to assess acute toxicity were carried out in three series of experiments with intragastric, subcutaneous and intramuscular routes of administration in duplicate. The drug was administered intragastrically once after a 12-hour fasting diet in doses from 5500 to 10000 mg/kg in a volume of 0.5 ml per mouse; subcutaneously – in the dose range from 2000 to 6800 mg/kg in a volume of 0.5 ml per mouse; intramuscularly – in doses from 2000 to 6800 mg/kg in a volume of 0.25 ml per mouse. Control animals were injected with sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution in the same volumes and by the same methods. During the first day after the administration of the drug, the experimental animals were monitored continuously, then for 14 days – 2 times a day. On the basis of toxicometric data obtained during the experiment, the parameters of acute toxicity of the drug "MT-6" were established: with intragastric administration LD50 7828.5 mg/kg, with subcutaneous administration LD50 4994.1 mg/kg, with intramuscular LD50 3841.9 mg/kg. Based on this, it was concluded that the investigated drug belongs to GOST 12.1.007-76 to the 4th hazard class – low-toxic substances; according to Hodge and Sterner (1943) to the 5th hazard class – practically non-toxic substances; according to Sidorov K.K. (1977) – to the 6th class of hazard – relatively harmless substances.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document