Development of an Express Method for Studying the Toxicity of Modern Cable Compounds’ Combustion Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
N. Anikin ◽  
N. Mel'nikov ◽  
A. Monahov ◽  
A. Garmashov

In case of fire, combustible materials and products made on their basis have a decisive role in the development of combustion, formation and spread of foreground risks. Normative legal documents restrict the use of fire hazardous materials, but it is impossible to exclude their use completely. In case of fire, in addition to flame and high temperatures are formed smoke and toxic gaseous products of combustion. The basis of the most common products is polyvinyl chloride - one of the most common fire hazardous materials, whose production volumes have only increased in recent years. In the course of this work, an express method has been developed and tested for the qualitative and quantitative determination of toxic substances contained in combustion products of plastic compounds based on polyvinyl chloride.

Author(s):  
Е.В. Чернушевич ◽  
П.В. Ширинкин ◽  
Ю.Н. Безбородов

В существующей системе оценки безопасности строительных материалов не учитываются параметры термической деструкции материалов при воздействии температур, значения которых ниже температуры их тления, что не позволяет в полной мере оценить опасность строительных материалов и их влияние на здоровье человека; степень участия строительных материалов в формировании опасных факторов пожара, а также их влияние на динамику пожара. Целью работы является экспериментальное исследование термической деструкции напольных покрытий из поливинилхлорида на различной основе и оценка опасности данного процесса. Изучение деструкции и её динамики заключалось в определении потери массы образцов и расчете скорости деструкции, а оценка опасности – в отборе газовоздушной среды, образующейся в результате термической деструкции образцов, и проведении её анализа. Изучение деструкции осуществлялось с помощью метода изотермического термогравиметрического анализа, а оценка опасности – с помощью метода анализа выделяющихся газов. По результатам экспериментального исследования получены значения потери массы образцов в результате термической деструкции, установлено влияние времени и температуры на динамику термической деструкции, проведена оценка опасности термической деструкции исследуемых материалов. Установлено, что напольные покрытия из ПВХ являются пожароопасными и склонными к термической деструкции при температурах, значения которых ниже температуры их тления. При воздействии температуры напольные покрытия из ПВХ разрушаются с образованием пожароопасных веществ, что необходимо учитывать при: оценке пожарной опасности материалов; нормировании применения отделочных материалов в зданиях различного функционального назначения; моделировании динамики развития пожара и расчете времени достижения предельно допустимых значений концентраций токсичных газообразных продуктов на путях эвакуации. The existing system of hazardous building materials assessment does not take into account the materials thermal destruction parameters within temperature range below its smoldering phase. This fact does not fully allow to assess the impact of hazardous building materials on human health, the extent of building materials’ effect in the fire hazards formation, as well as its influence on the fire propagation. The aim of the work is the experimental studying of different type polyvinyl chloride floorings’ thermal destruction and assessing the hazards of this process. The study of destruction process and its’ development consisted in samples’ weight loss determining and the destruction rate calculating. The destruction hazards assessment lied in analyzing the gas-air environmental samples being emitted due to materials’ thermal destruction. The thermal destruction research was carried out using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis method. The hazardous destruction assessment was performed using the evolved gases analysis method. The experiment resulted in acquiring the samples’ mass loss data in case of thermal destruction, defining the impact of duration and temperature on thermal destruction development, and assessing studied materials’ thermal destruction hazards. It has been established that PVC floorings are fire hazardous materials, which are prone to thermal degradation at temperatures below their smoldering temperature. When being heated PVC floorings are degradating, what is accompanied by fire hazardous substances emitting. This should be taken into consideration for hazardous materials type assessment; standardization of furnishing materials usage in various purposes buildings; fire development model construction, and time calculation of reaching toxic combustion products’ maximum permissible concentration along the escape routes.


Phlebologie ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (05) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Brauer ◽  
W. J. Brauer

SummaryPurpose: Comparison of qualitative and quantitative sonography with the lymphoscintigraphic function test and clinical findings in legs. Patients, methods: In 33 patients a lymphoscintigraphic function test of legs combined with measurement of lymph node uptake was performed and subsequently compared with sonography. Sonographic criteria were: Thickness of cutis, thickness of subcutanean fatty tissue and presence of liquid structures or fine disperse tissue structure of lower limbs, foots and toes. Results: In 51 legs uptake values lie in the pathologic area, in four legs in the grey area and in ten legs in the normal area. The cutis thickness in the lower leg shows no significant correlation with the uptake. The determination of the thickness of the subcutanean fatty tissue of the lower leg and of the cutis thickness of the feet turned out to be an unreliable method. In 47% of the medial lower legs and in 57% of the lateral lower legs with clinical lymphoedema sonography is falsely negative. Conclusion: Early lymphoedema is only detectable with the lymphoscintigraphic function test. In the case of clinical lymphoedema clinical examination is more reliable than sonography.


Author(s):  
Tatiana Vashchilko

The paper develops an ontological model to extract information from government legal documents and facilitate the understanding of its content. In particular, international bilateral investment agreements between countries are the subject of analysis, which aims to quantify their semantic diversity. The paper argues it as an accurate approach to extract qualitative and quantitative information.Cette communication expose un modèle ontologique pour extraire de l’information à partir des documents juridiques du gouvernement et faciliter la compréhension du contenu. Plus particulièrement, les ententes internationales d’investissements bilatéraux entre pays ont fait l’objet d’une analyse, dans le but de quantifier la diversité sémantique. La communication conclut qu’il s’agit d’une approche exacte pour extraire de l’information qualitative et quantitative.


Author(s):  
Irina Mordous

The development of modern civilization attests to its decisive role in the progressive development of institutions. They identified the difference between Western civilization and the rest of the world. Confirmation of the institutional advantages of the West was its early industrialization. The genesis and formation of institutionalism in its ideological and conceptualmethodological orientation occurs as a process alternative to neoclassic in the context of world heterodoxia, which quickly spread in social science. Highlighting institutional education as a separate area of sociocultural activity is determined by the factor of differentiation of institutional theory as a whole. A feature of institutional education is its orientation toward the individual and his/her transformation into a personality. The content of institutional education is revealed through the analysis of the institution, which includes a set of established customs, traditions, ways of thinking, behavioral stereotypes of individuals and social groups. The dynamics of socio-political, economic transformations in Ukraine requires a review of the foundations of national education and determination of the prospects for its development in the 21st century in the context of institutionalism.


2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2363-2366
Author(s):  
Delia Nica Badea

The paper evaluates the presence and content of traces of heavy metals Hg, Pb, Ni, Cd (total forms) from coal and solid combustion products, the degree of transfer and accessibility in the area of influence of a lignite power plant. The content of toxic heavy metals in residues are characterized by RE Meiji [ 1 (Pb and Hg) and REMeij �1 (Ni and Cd) for the filter ash. Pb and Ni content in the soil exceeds normal values, and Pb exceeds and alert value for sensitive soils around the residue deposit (70.20 mg.Kg-1). The degree of accessibility of the metals in plants (TF), reported at the Khan reference value (0.5), indicates a significant bioaccumulation level for the metals: Cd (1.9) and Hg (0.6) inside the deposit; Cd (0.39) at the base of the deposit, Hg (0.8) in the area of the thermal power plant. The trace levels of heavy metals analyzed by GFAAS and CVAAS (Hg), indicates a moderate risk potential for food safety and quality of life in the studied area.


2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 2519-2523
Author(s):  
Denisa Batir Marin ◽  
Oana Cioanca ◽  
Mihai Apostu ◽  
Cristina Gabriela Tuchilus ◽  
Cornelia Mircea ◽  
...  

The objective of the current study is represented by the determination of silica and a phytochemical screening of phenolic derivates of some Equisetum species. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for Equisetum pratense Ehrh.,, Equisetum sylvaticum L. and Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. (sin. Equisetum maximum Lam.) were also investigated. The concentration of silicon (Si) in plants was determined by the spectrophotometric method using previous treatment with NaOH 50% both for the stem and the nodal branches [1]. Results obtained varied from 95.12 to 162.10 SiO2 mg/g dry plant which represents 4.44% to 7.58% Si/100g dry sample. Two types of total extracts were obtained using different solvents and were subjected to qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis considering total phenolic content [2]. The highest concentration of investigated compounds was found in the methanolic extract, E. sylvaticum, 196.5mg/g dry sample. Antioxidant activity was monitored spectrophotometrically and expressed in terms of IC50 (�g/mL) [3]. Values gathered ranged from 261.7 to 429.5 �g/mL. The highest capacity to neutralized DPPH radicals was found in E. sylvaticum. In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined using difusimetric method [4]. Testing was performed on four microorganisms: three strains of bacteria and one species of fungi. Different effects were noticed against the bacteria, furthermore the methanol extract appeared to be most efficient. All extracts showed significand antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) and weak to no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922).


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2625
Author(s):  
Piotr Domanowski ◽  
Marek Betiuk

The purpose of the paper is to present a new Recatest testing technique which uses a series of abrasions within a scratch and its innovative application to describe selected quantitative parameters of locally, plastically deformed substrate and coating materials detected on the spherical microsection in the scratch test. The exposed material structures are subject to a metallographic analysis which allows for the determination of the quantitative parameters, which in turn allow for a description of the change in dynamics of the coating structure within the scratch area as a function of load. These parameters include scratch depth (hs), coating thickness (h1), flash height (hoc, hos), depth of intended material (hd), material depth under scratch (hcp), and material depth under coating (hdb). The paper also includes a description of the Recalo test device designed by the authors, which is used to make a series of spherical abrasion traces on the scratch surface. Recalo is dedicated to the Recatest technique. The analysed material was the CrN/CrCN/HS6-5-2, AlCrN -Alcrona-Balinit/D2 coatings deposited on tool steels.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1602
Author(s):  
Ya-Ping Guo ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Ya-Li Wang ◽  
Xiao-Xiang Chen ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
...  

Crataegi folium have been used as medicinal and food materials worldwide due to its pharmacological activities. Although the leaves of Crataegus songorica (CS), Crataegus altaica (CA) and Crataegus kansuensis (CK) have rich resources in Xinjiang, China, they can not provide insights into edible and medicinal aspects. Few reports are available on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids compounds of their leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient methods to determine qualitative and quantitative flavonoids compounds in leaves of CS, CA and CK. In the study, 28 unique compounds were identified in CS versus CK by qualitative analysis. The validated quantitative method was employed to determine the content of eight flavonoids of the leaves of CS, CA and CK within 6 min. The total content of eight flavonoids was 7.8–15.1 mg/g, 0.1–9.1 mg/g and 4.8–10.7 mg/g in the leaves of CS, CA and CK respectively. Besides, the best harvesting periods of the three species were from 17th to 26th September for CS, from 30th September to 15th October for CA and CK. The validated and time-saving method was successfully implemented for the analysis of the content of eight flavonoids compounds in CS, CA and CK for the first time.


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