Parasitism of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) by water mite larvae (Acari: Hydrachnidia) in Amol, Mazandaran Province, northern Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Mohsen Karami ◽  
Alireza Saboori ◽  
Mahdieh Asadi ◽  
Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi ◽  
Mohammad Amin Gorouhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes transmit a wide range of vector-borne diseases to humans and animal. Due to the increase in insecticide resistance, there is a need for novel mosquito vector control programs, including biocontrol. Some water mite larvae, such as those of Arrenurus genus, act as parasites of mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae, pupae and adults were collected from three locations in Amol County, Iran by dipping and hand-catch collection methods, from May to late September 2015. Then mites were removed from mosquitoes and identified to genus level using valid identification keys. A total of 873 adults of anopheline mosquitoes belonging to three species (Anopheles maculipennis s.lat., An. pseudopictus and An. hyrcanus) were collected. We only found Arrenurus sp. mites. From 873 anopheline mosquitoes captured, 11% were parasitized by 151 mites, with a mean rate of 1.59, ranging from 1 to 14. Parasitism was higher in lowlands. Water mites, as biocontrol agents of vectors, could impact fecundity, fertility and induce other harms on host. As this study is the first research on water mite parasitism on mosquitoes in Iran, more detailed studies are needed to increase our knowledge on biology and ecology of water mites parasitizing mosquitoes in Amol and other areas in Caspian sea region in Iran.

scholarly journals Population Fluctuations and Abundance Indices of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicid), as the Potential Bridge Vectors of Pathogens to Humans and Animals in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Hassan Nikookar ◽  
Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan ◽  
Ahmadali Enayati
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
North Of Iran ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
Vector Borne

Background: Seasonal activity patterns of mosquitoes are essential as baseline knowledge to understand the transmis­sion dynamics of vector-borne diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the monthly dynamics of the mosquito populations and their relation to meteorological factors in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. Methods: Mosquito adults and larvae were collected from 16 counties of Mazandaran Province using different sam­pling techniques, once a month from May to December 2014. “Index of Species Abundance” (ISA) along with “Stand­ardized ISA” (SISA) was used for assessing the most abundant species of mosquitoes based on the explanations of Rob­ert and Hsi. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) was used to assess the relationships between the monthly population fluctuations and meteorological variables. Results: Overall, 23750 mosquitoes belonging to four genera and nineteen species were collected and identified. The highest population density of mosquitoes was in July and the lowest in May. The ISA/SISA indices for Culex pipiens were both 1 for larvae and 1.25/0.973 for adults in total catch performed in human dwellings. For Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the ISA/SISA were 1.68/0.938 in pit shelter method. A significant positive correlation was observed between population fluctuations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mean temperature (R: 0.766, P< 0.027). Conclusions: The results indicated that the mosquitoes are more active in July, and Cx. pipiens and Cx. tritaeniorhyn­chus were the most abundant species. Considering the potential of these species as vectors of numerous pathogens, con­trol programs can be planed based on their monthly activity pattern in the area.

scholarly journals Molecular survey of vector-borne diseases in two groups of domestic dogs from Lisbon, Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Mafalda Dordio ◽  
Relja Beck ◽  
Telmo Nunes ◽  
Isabel Pereira da Fonseca ◽  
Jacinto Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Status ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Hepatozoon Canis ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are caused by a wide range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods. They have been an issue of growing importance in recent years; however, there is limited information about the vector-borne pathogens circulating in Portugal. The aim of the present study was to detect canine vector-borne bacteria and protozoa of veterinary and zoonotic importance using molecular methods. Methods One hundred and forty-two dogs from Lisbon, southern Portugal, were tested: 48 dogs from a veterinary hospital clinically suspected of vector-borne diseases and 94 apparently healthy dogs from shelters. Anaplasma spp./Ehrlichia spp., Babesia/Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Mycoplasma spp. infections were detected by PCR from blood samples and examined under light microscopy. Other information including clinical status and diagnostic test results were collected for each animal. Results Infections were detected by PCR in 48 (33.80%) dogs. Single infections were found in 35 dogs (24.64%), and co-infections were found in 13 (9.15%) dogs. Twenty-nine (20.42%) dogs were positive for Hepatozoon spp., 15 (10.56%) for Mycoplasma spp., 11 (7.75%) for Anaplasma spp./Ehrlichia spp., and six (4.21%) for Babesia spp. DNA sequencing was used to identify Babesia vogeli (2.81%), Babesia canis (1.40%), Hepatozoon canis (20.42%), Mycoplasma haematoparvum (2.11%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (8.45%), Anaplasma platys (7.04%), and Ehrlichia canis (0.70%). Conclusions This is the first molecular identification of B. canis and M. haematoparvum in dogs from southern Portugal. This study highlights the importance of molecular methods to identify CVBD pathogens in endemic areas and helps to guide the clinical approach of veterinarians in practice.

scholarly journals Drug Resistance in Filarial Parasites Does Not Affect Mosquito Vectorial Capacity

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Erik Neff ◽  
Christopher C. Evans ◽  
Pablo D. Jimenez Castro ◽  
Ray M. Kaplan ◽  
Guha Dharmarajan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vector Borne

Parasite drug resistance presents a major obstacle to controlling and eliminating vector-borne diseases affecting humans and animals. While vector-borne disease dynamics are affected by factors related to parasite, vertebrate host and vector, research on drug resistance in filarial parasites has primarily focused on the parasite and vertebrate host, rather than the mosquito. However, we expect that the physiological costs associated with drug resistance would reduce the fitness of drug-resistant vs. drug-susceptible parasites in the mosquito wherein parasites are not exposed to drugs. Here we test this hypothesis using four isolates of the dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)—two drug susceptible and two drug resistant—and two vectors—the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the Asian tiger mosquito (Ae. albopictus)—as our model system. Our data indicated that while vector species had a significant effect on vectorial capacity, there was no significant difference in the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes infected with drug-resistant vs. drug-susceptible parasites. Consequently, contrary to expectations, our data indicate that drug resistance in D. immitis does not appear to reduce the transmission efficiency of these parasites, and thus the spread of drug-resistant parasites in the vertebrate population is unlikely to be mitigated by reduced fitness in the mosquito vector.

scholarly journals Wolbachia: endosymbiont of onchocercid nematodes and their vectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranju Ravindran Santhakumari Manoj ◽  
Maria Stefania Latrofa ◽  
Sara Epis ◽  
Domenico Otranto
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Wolbachia Endosymbiont ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular maternally transmitted, gram-negative bacterium which forms a spectrum of endosymbiotic relationships from parasitism to obligatory mutualism in a wide range of arthropods and onchocercid nematodes, respectively. In arthropods Wolbachia produces reproductive manipulations such as male killing, feminization, parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility for its propagation and provides an additional fitness benefit for the host to protect against pathogens, whilst in onchocercid nematodes, apart from the mutual metabolic dependence, this bacterium is involved in moulting, embryogenesis, growth and survival of the host. Methods This review details the molecular data of Wolbachia and its effect on host biology, immunity, ecology and evolution, reproduction, endosymbiont-based treatment and control strategies exploited for filariasis. Relevant peer-reviewed scientic papers available in various authenticated scientific data bases were considered while writing the review. Conclusions The information presented provides an overview on Wolbachia biology and its use in the control and/or treatment of vectors, onchocercid nematodes and viral diseases of medical and veterinary importance. This offers the development of new approaches for the control of a variety of vector-borne diseases. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What’s New on Drug Development?

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5175
Author(s):  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Riccardo Petrelli ◽  
Angelo Canale
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Research Challenge ◽  
Effective Drugs

Discovering and validating effective drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) is a timely and important research challenge with major impacts on real-world control programs at the time of quick resistance development in the targeted pathogens. This editorial highlights major research advances in the development of drugs for the control of vector-borne diseases, with a significant focus on malaria, Chagas disease, dengue, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Zika. Broad reviews providing new insights on ABD recently published in Molecules have also been covered in “The Editors’ pick” section.

Direct and Indirect Social Drivers and Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-266
Author(s):  
Sadie J. Ryan ◽  
Catherine A. Lippi ◽  
Kevin L. Bardosh ◽  
Erika F. Frydenlund ◽  
Holly D. Gaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Cultural Perceptions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Developed Nations

Vector borne diseases (VBDs) are often seen by the highly developed nations of the world as an issue of poor tropical countries. While framing the problem this way—through the paradigm of a poverty-trap—may leverage aid and motivate political will toward disease control, it misses a wide range of socio-political contexts both driving, and driven by, vector borne diseases. In this chapter, we present a series of global vignettes, to illustrate different facets of the broad remit of social drivers and interactions with VBDs. We approach the urban social-ecological context in Latin America and the Caribbean, impacts and aftermath of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tropical storms, struggles with trust in intervention implementation in Haiti, and drivers and impacts of ruminant arbovirus emergence events in Europe. We conclude that incorporating an understanding of social context, including political history and cultural perceptions, is a key part of VBD research and intervention practice.

Investigation on the virologic vector-borne diseases by mosquito vector in Yeongnam, Korea

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 286-286
Author(s):  
Heeju Hwang ◽  
SeWon Kang ◽  
ByungUn No ◽  
Dongkyu Lee ◽  
WookGyo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

scholarly journals Outwitting planarian’s antibacterial defence mechanisms:Rickettsialesbacterial trans-infection fromParamecium multimicronucleatumto planarians

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Modeo ◽  
Alessandra Salvetti ◽  
Leonardo Rossi ◽  
Michele Castelli ◽  
Franziska Szokoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Trans Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dugesia Japonica ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Hematophagous Arthropods

AbstractMost of the microorganisms belonging to genera responsible for vector-borne diseases (VBD) have hematophagous arthropods as vector/reservoir. Recently, many new species of microorganisms phylogenetically related to agents of VBD were found in a variety of aquatic eukaryotic hosts, in particular, numerous new bacterial species related to the genusRickettsia(Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales) were discovered in protist ciliates and other unicellular eukaryotes. Although their pathogenicity for humans and terrestrial animals is not known, these bacteria might act as etiological agents of possible VBD of aquatic organisms, with protist as vectors. In the present study, we characterized a novel strain of theRickettsia-Like Organism (RLO) endosymbiont “Candidatus(Ca.) Trichorickettsia mobilis” in the macronucleus of the ciliateParamecium multimicronucleatumthrough FluorescenceIn SituHybridization (FISH) and molecular analyses. Ultrastructural investigations on the presence of flagella confirmed previous studies on the same bacterial species. The potential trans-infection perosof this bacterium to planarians (Dugesia japonica), a widely used model system able to eliminate a wide range of bacteria pathogenic to humans and other Metazoa, was further verified. Ciliate mass cultures were set up, and trans-infection experiments were performed by adding homogenized paramecia to food of antibiotic-treated planarians, performed. Treated and non-treated (i.e. control) planarians were investigated at day 1, 3, and 7 after feeding for endosymbiont presence by means of PCR and ultrastructural analyses. Obtained results were fully concordant and suggest that this RLO endosymbiont can be transferred from ciliates to metazoans, being detected up to day 7 in treated planarian enterocytes inside and, possibly, outside phagosomes.

scholarly journals Antileishmanial Activity of the Genus Piper: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-44
Author(s):  
Caroline G. Macêdo ◽  
Kelly Christina F. Castro ◽  
Edilene Oliveira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Etiological Agents

Background: Leishmaniases are anthropozoonotic vector-borne diseases, caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp. These diseases have significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and, as there are currently no vaccines available for their treatment, chemotherapy remains the mainstay for anti-leishmanial therapeutics. However, the severe side effects, reduced bioavailability, high cost and chemoresistance, amongst other problems, limit the use of available drugs. In recent years, natural compounds have shown promise as anti-leishmanial agents, especially those extracted from medicinal plants. The genus Piper has been used in traditional medicine and widely explored for its biological properties and bioactive phytocompounds. Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review of the biological activity of the genus Piper against the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, to provide a perspective for effective and safe phytotherapics, new drugs or potentially active prototype chemical substances. Methodology: This systematic review was prepared in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The databases used for this review were SciELO, Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, using a temporal profile of 2009 to 2020. Conclusion: In this review, we summarize a wide range of isolated compounds, extracts and essential oils of the genus Piper that are worth screening given their potential for development as effective anti-leishmanial drugs.

scholarly journals Human Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Iran, Up to Date-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Reza Razavi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shirzad ◽  
Mehdi Mohebali ◽  
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi ◽  
Hassan Vatandoost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniosis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected and parasitic vector borne diseases that is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to explain the present status of CL in Iran. This report is based on data that recorded by cutaneous leishmaniasis surveillance system in 2019, and evalu­ated in Center for Communicable Diseases Management in Ministry of Health in Iran. Iran has been considered an endemic area for cutaneous leishmani­asis in the world. Dependent to activities for cutaneous leishmaniasis control the number of cases decreased from 23202 in 2008 (Incidence rate 32 per 100000) to 13124 in 2019 (Incidence rate 15.8 per 100000), more cases reported from September to December, in 2019, 46% of cases had one lesion and 21% had 2 lesions, 85% of cases diagnosed when the diameter of lesions had 3 centimeters and bellows. Although the Leishmania control program began in 1977, the incidence of the disease has dropped dramat­ically since 2008 when the new cutaneous leishmaniasis control program have been implemented. Although in some areas the inci­dence of the disease increased, but the implementation of the new program has reduced the number of cas­es, in order to continue reducing the disease, permanent support for the control programs is needed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document