Cardiovascular Fitness of Mentally Retarded Individuals

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Garth T. Tymeson ◽  
Gail E. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity

This manuscript critically reviews the literature on cardiovascular fitness (CVF) and the mentally retarded (MR) individual. For the purposes of this review, no distinction is made between maximal aerobic capacity, maximal physical work capacity, CVF, and cardiovascular endurance. Several large-scale field studies have been conducted with MR children, and all have generally found low CVF levels for this group. However, these field tests have not been validated with MR individuals, thus this conclusion may be incorrect. Smaller field studies with MR adults and adolescents show similar results, but also exhibit the same problem of nonvalidation of the field tests used. Better evidence for low levels of CVF is exhibited through several well conducted laboratory studies, with measurements of V̇O2 max. In general, MR individuals, regardless of age, possess CVF levels 20-40% below those of their nonretarded peers. It is hypothesized that this is due to inactivity, but there still is the possibility of a retardation-dependent physiological difference. MR children and adults appear to respond in a normal manner to CVF training, but the threshold of training required is undetermined. MR adolescents have not shown reliable increases in CVF with training, although it is not known why. Several suggestions are made regarding the need for future research.

The Relationship between Peak Oxygen Uptake and Physical Activity in 6- to 8-Year-Old Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane R. Fenster ◽  
Patty S. Freedson ◽  
Richard A. Washburn ◽  
R. Curtis Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Activity Method ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between physical activity measured using the LSI (Large Scale Integrated Activity Monitor), and questionnaire, with physical work capacity 170 (PWC 170) and aerobic capacity (peak V̇O2) was evaluated in 6- to 8-year-old children (n = 18). The mean (± SD) peak V̇O2 was 44.1 ± 5.6 ml • kg−1 • min−1. Peak V̇O2 was not significantly different for children (n = 8) who had completed two treadmill trials (45.4 vs. 43.5 ml • kg−1 • min−1; R = 0.67, p<0.05). The log LSI expressed as counts per hour (M ± SD = 2.1 ±.22 cts/hr) was the only activity method significantly related to peak V̇O2 (r = 0.59, p<0.05). The correlation between peak V̇O2 with the questionnaire was positive but nonsignificant (r = 0.20). PWC 170 was not related to peak V̇O2 (r = 0.21) or the activity variables (r = 0.12 questionnaire; r = 0.18 log LSI). When the group was divided into high and low peak V̇O2 groups (high: M = 48.8 ml • kg−1 • min−1; low: M = 39.5 ml • kg−1 • min−1), the log LSI was able to distinguish significant differences in activity levels (high: 2.23 ±. 19 cts/hr; low: 1.99±.19 cts/hr). This study suggests that activity measured with the LSI and aerobic capacity are related in this sample of 6- to 8-year-old children.

Physiological Response of Operators during Power Tiller Use for Paddy Field Cultivation

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 651-654
Author(s):  
V. M. Salokhe ◽  
D. U. Mamansari ◽  
Jianxia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Physical Response ◽  
Power Tiller

Power tillers (single axle, two-wheel hand tractors) are widely used for paddy field cultivation in Thailand. Currently, over one million power tillers are being used as they suit both the economical and physical conditions of paddy farming in developing countries. Controlling these hand tractors while walking behind is often hard work. Safety and health concerns associated with the use of these machines have not been well documented. This study was aimed at evaluating the physical response of operators during various operations by power tillers in paddy field. The most popular power tiller model in Thailand was used for this investigation. Field tests were conducted to determine the physical response of operators while using this machine. The response was assessed through measurement of operator heart rates during different operations. The comfort, working posture and the task were also evaluated. The physical work capacity was established with the help of a bicycle ergometer. The field operations carried out were first-plowing, second-plowing and harrowing. The tillage equipment used were moldboard plow, disc plow and peg tooth harrow. A statistical analysis was conducted to compare the effects of environmental factors and working intensity in each activity and results were compared with the standards. It was observed that the physical response during some of the operations exceeded the physical work capacity of the operators. It was noticed that the excessive physiological response was contributed by power tiller use as well as environmental factors. Working with power tiller in muddy paddy fields in a hot and humid climate also contributed to excessive workload. Surface conditions in the field also had a direct effect on physiological response of the operator. Energy cost during wetland operation was also due to unfavorable working conditions. Some ways to improve the design of the power tiller to make it more comfortable for the operator were suggested.

Reliability and interrelationships between maximal oxygen intake, physical work capacity and step-test scores in college women

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 182???186 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM D. McARDLE ◽  
FRANK I. KATCH ◽  
GARY S. PECHAR ◽  
LONI JACOBSON ◽  
SHELLEY RUCK
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Intake

Physical work capacity (VO2 max) and work ability (WAI) of active employees (men and women) in Poland

2005 ◽  
Vol 1280 ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bugajska ◽  
T. Makowiec-Dąbrowska ◽  
A. Jegier ◽  
A. Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
Work Ability ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Men And Women

Physiological responses to maximal effort wheelchair and arm crank ergometry

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1060-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Glaser ◽  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
M. F. Brune ◽  
S. W. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Peak Vo2

The purpose of this investigation was to compare physical work capacity (PWC), peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2), maximal pulmonary ventilation (VEmax), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and maximal blood lactate concentration (LAmax) for wheelchair ergometer (WERG) and arm crank ergometer (ACE) exercise. For this, wheelchair-dependent (n = 6) and able-bodied (n = 10) subjects completed a progressive intensity, discontinuous test for each mode of exercise. Each test was terminated by physical exhaustion and/or an inability to maintain a flywheel velocity of 180 m.min-1. Relatively high correlation coefficients were found between values obtained during the two modes of ergometry for PWC, peak VO2, VEmax, and HRmax. WERG exercise was found to elicit a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower PWC (by 36%), HRmax (by 7%), and LAmax (by 26%) than ACE exercise. Peak VO2 and VEmax, however, were similar for both exercise modes. These data suggest that either exercise mode may be used for fitness testing and training of people who cannot use their legs and that arm cranking may be a superior method to propel wheelchairs.

Lifting Physical Work Capacity as a Function of Frequency

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1331-1335
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Fernandez ◽  
Robert J. Marley ◽  
Nancy B. Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Lifting Technique ◽  
Male Subjects

A laboratory experiment using 15 male subjects was conducted to document lifting physical work capacity over the frequency range of 2 to 12 lifts per minute and to compare these values to bicycling physical work capacity. Results indicate that bicycling PWC is significantly higher than lifting PWC at the 0.05 level. A variation in lifting PWC as a function of frequency was observed. This could be attributed to lifting technique. Task design should, therefore, not only consider lifting PWC but also the frequency of lift.

scholarly journals The impact of heat on human physical work capacity; Part III: the impact of solar radiation varies with air temperature, humidity, and clothing coverage.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Foster ◽  
James W Smallcombe ◽  
Simon G Hodder ◽  
Andreas D Flouris ◽  
Lars Nybo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Heat Effects ◽  
The Impact

It is well-known that heat impacts human labour/physical work capacity (PWC), but systematic evaluations of solar radiation (SOLAR) effects and the interaction with air temperature and humidity levels and clothing are lacking, as most lab-studies are conducted in semi-nude subjects without radiation or only in a single climatic condition. Due to the high relevance of SOLAR in various occupations, this study quantified how SOLAR interacts with clothing and other primary environmental factors (air temperature/humidity) of importance to determine PWC in the heat. The data allowed the development of a SOLAR correction factor for predicting PWC in major outdoor industries. Fourteen young adult males (7 wearing a standardised work coverall (0.9 Clo), 7 with shorts and trainers (0.3 Clo) walked for 1-hour at a fixed heart rate of 130 b∙min-1, in seven combinations of air temperature (25 to 45 Celsius) and relative humidity (20 or 80%), with and without SOLAR (800 W/m2 from solar lamps). Cumulative energy expenditure in the heat, relative to the work achieved in a cool reference condition, was used to determine PWC%. Skin temperature was the primary determinant of PWC in the heat. In dry climates with exposed skin (0.3 Clo), SOLAR caused PWC to decrease exponentially with rising air temperature, whereas work coveralls (0.9 Clo) negated this effect. In humid conditions, the SOLAR-induced reduction in PWC was consistent and linear across all levels of air temperature, and clothing conditions. WBGT and UTCI based prediction equations of PWC represented SOLAR correctly. For heat indices not intrinsically accounting for SOLAR, correction factors are provided enabling forecasting of heat effects on work productivity.

Energy expenditure, productivity, and physical work capacity of sugarcane loaders

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1740-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
G B Spurr ◽  
M G Maksud ◽  
M Barac-Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Physical Work Capacity
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