Motor Sequencing of Boys with Learning Disabilities: Modeling and Verbal Rehearsal Strategies

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Kowalski ◽  
Claudine Sherrill
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Correct Order ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Verbal Rehearsal ◽  
Rehearsal Strategy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Strategy Design ◽  
Modality Preference ◽  
Verbal Model

This study examined the effects of model type and verbal rehearsal strategy in relation to motor sequencing of boys with learning disabilities (LD). Eighty boys, ages 7 and 8 years, were exposed to four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 (Model × Verbal Rehearsal Strategy) design. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (a) visual-silent model/verbal rehearsal, (b) visual-verbal model/verbal rehearsal, (c) visual-silent model/ no verbal rehearsal, and (d) visual-verbal model/ no verbal rehearsal. The four groups were statistically equal on measures of age, IQ, behavior, learner modality preference, and motor proficiency. Data collected for experimental analysis were generated by the Motor Sequencing Test which measured the ability to model seven locomotor tasks in the correct order. Results revealed that the boys with LD performed significantly better on the motor sequencing test when trained in verbal rehearsal strategy. However, results indicated no significant difference in motor sequencing under visual-silent and visual-verbal model conditions.

Relevance Predictability in Information Retrieval Systems

1967 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kent ◽  
J. Belzer ◽  
M. Kuhfeerst ◽  
E. D. Dym ◽  
D. L. Shirey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Retrieval Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information Retrieval Systems ◽  
High Predictability ◽  
Intermediate Response ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
Level Of Processing

An experiment is described which attempts to derive quantitative indicators regarding the potential relevance predictability of the intermediate stimuli used to represent documents in information retrieval systems. In effect, since the decision to peruse an entire document is often predicated upon the examination of one »level of processing« of the document (e.g., the citation and/or abstract), it became interesting to analyze the properties of what constitutes »relevance«. However, prior to such an analysis, an even more elementary step had to be made, namely, to determine what portions of a document should be examined.An evaluation of the ability of intermediate response products (IRPs), functioning as cues to the information content of full documents, to predict the relevance determination that would be subsequently made on these documents by motivated users of information retrieval systems, was made under controlled experimental conditions. The hypothesis that there might be other intermediate response products (selected extracts from the document, i.e., first paragraph, last paragraph, and the combination of first and last paragraph), that would be as representative of the full document as the traditional IRPs (citation and abstract) was tested systematically. The results showed that:1. there is no significant difference among the several IRP treatment groups on the number of cue evaluations of relevancy which match the subsequent user relevancy decision on the document;2. first and last paragraph combinations have consistently predicted relevancy to a higher degree than the other IRPs;3. abstracts were undistinguished as predictors; and4. the apparent high predictability rating for citations was not substantive.Some of these results are quite different than would be expected from previous work with unmotivated subjects.

Validation of a monetary Taylor Aggression Paradigm: Associations with trait aggression and role of provocation sequence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Konzok ◽  
L Kreuzpointner ◽  
GI Henze ◽  
L Wagels ◽  
C Kärgel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sequence ◽  
Reactive Aggression ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Competitive Reaction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fixed Sequence ◽  
Taylor Aggression Paradigm ◽  
Trait Aggression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In Series

© 2020 Elsevier Inc. The Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) is widely used to measure reactive aggression in laboratory settings. While modified versions (mTAPs) with various stimulus characteristics (shocks, noise, pressure, heat) have already been established, a modified version with monetary stimuli has only been introduced very recently. In this experiment, 209 young healthy participants (104 males, 105 females) completed a mock Competitive Reaction Time Task (CRTT) with a fictional opponent with preprogrammed 40 win and 60 lose trials. In lose trials, participants were provoked by subtracting a low (0–20 euro cents), medium (30–60 cents) or high (70–90 cents) amount of money from their fictitious account. Provocation stimuli were either presented randomly or in a fixed sequence (experimental conditions). In contrast to a random sequence, the fixed sequence was generated by repeating trials from the same provocation category in series of three. Linear mixed models (LMMs) considering aggression trajectories revealed significant effects of provocation (low, medium, high) and trait aggression (K-FAF) on reactive aggression. Men showed significantly higher reactive aggression levels than women. In regard to provocation sequence, we found no significant difference in reactive aggression between the random vs. fixed stimulus sequences. The findings provide new evidence supporting the view that the monetary mTAP is able to induce as well as capture reactive aggression in the laboratory. Additionally, we found no advantage of a fixed sequence as the level of reactive aggression in a given trial appeared to be mainly predicted by the preceding provocation trial.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the apical seal after intraradicular retainer removal with ultrasound or carbide bur

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomie Nakakuki Campos ◽  
Cleber Henrique Inoue ◽  
Elcio Yamamoto ◽  
Ângela Toshie Araki ◽  
Lena Katekawa Adachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Dental Alloys ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Alloy Type ◽  
Cyanoacrylate Adhesive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post And Core ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Apical Leakage ◽  
Cervical Area

There are situations in which intraradicular retainers have to be removed and replaced. The objective of this research was to evaluate the apical seal after the removal of a custom cast post and core with a carbide bur or with an ultrasound apparatus. Twenty five roots of extracted human incisors were used. They were endodontically treated and prepared to receive the posts. The posts and cores were cast with 2 types of dental alloys, CuAlZn and PdAg, and were cemented with zinc phosphate cement. After 24 hours, they were removed using the two above mentioned techniques. Then, the roots had their external surface made impermeable by two layers of cyanoacrylate adhesive, leaving only the cervical area for dye penetration. The teeth were immersed in rhodamine for 24 hours. They were then cut and observed under an optical microscope and analyzed with appropriate software (Imagelab). The results were submitted to ANOVA, and they evidenced that, regarding the alloy factor, PdAg posts presented a larger mean infiltration value (2.23 ± 0.48 mm) as compared to the posts made of CuAlZn (1.39 ± 0.48 mm) (p = 0.025). Regarding the technique factor, there was no significant difference (p = 0.9) between the removal of the intraradicular retainer using ultrasound (1.99 ± 0.62 mm) or using a rotating cutting instrument (1.62 ± 0.62 mm). Under these experimental conditions, it was possible to conclude that the degree of apical leakage was directly related to the alloy type, and it was present in both techniques used.

scholarly journals Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma gel as an angiogenesis-inducing agent in canineadvancement skin flaps

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 474-478
Author(s):  
Grazielle A.S. Aleixo ◽  
Maria C.O.C. Coelho ◽  
Telga L.A. Almeida ◽  
Márcia F. Pereira ◽  
Miriam N. Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Skin Flaps ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Prp Gel ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT: This work aimed to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on advancement skin flaps in dogs regarding improvement of vascularization, with focus on increasing its viable area, since there are reports that it is a potential angiogenesis stimulator. The experimental group was composed of eight adult bitches, in which two advancement skin flaps were made in the ventral abdominal region. No product was applied in the control flap (CF), while PRP was used in the contralateral flap, called treated flap (TF). The areas were clinically evaluated every two days until the 7th postoperative day regarding skin color and presence of necrosis. At 10 days, both flaps were removed and submitted to histological examination and blood vessel morphometry. The vessels counted in each group were statistically analyzed by the F-test at 1% probability. Results showed no significant difference in macroscopic changes in the wound, or CF and TF vascularization, thus suggesting that PRP gel did not improve advancement skin flap angiogenesis in bitches under the experimental conditions in which this research was developed.

scholarly journals Private Preschool Teachers’ Competencies in Early Identification of Children at Risk of Learning Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Norzah Md Yunus ◽  
Suziyani Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Preschool Teachers ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Common Learning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Private Preschool

Not only education is important in developing one’s intellectual and personal quality, but also an influential factor in seeking employment. Therefore, education is even more important for disabled individuals, as it enables them to read and write, communicate, make decisions and most importantly be employed.  However, Dr. Mullai Ramaiah stated that the current Malaysian education system does not only lack in early screening, but also teachers who are equipped to teach and handle children with special needs (Arukesamy, 2017). Therefore, this current study intends to investigate the competency of preschool teachers in identifying children who are at risk of any learning disabilities (LD). This was done by administering a questionnaire survey to examine teachers’ knowledge of some common learning disabilities that usually affects preschool children. In this research, the relationship between teachers’ competency and teacher’s education level has been investigated. Findings from the data analysis indicated that the level of teacher’s competency in identifying children at risk is relatively low. It was revealed, a majority of general preschool teachers do not have any knowledge or acquired minimal knowledge in identifying children who are at risk of an LD.  Findings also show that there was a significant difference in competencies between teachers of different levels of education. Finally, it was found teachers’ experience does not contribute to their knowledge in identifying children at risk of LD.

scholarly journals Secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation of furan: effects of NOx and humidity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotong Jiang ◽  
Narcisse T. Tsona ◽  
Long Jia ◽  
Shijie Liu ◽  
Hailiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract. Atmospheric furan is a primary and secondary pollutant in the atmosphere, and its emission contributes to the formation of ultrafine particles and ground-level ozone. We investigate the effects of NOx level and humidity on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from the photooxidation of furan in the presence of NaCl seed particles. The particle mass concentration and size distribution were determined with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). SOA mass concentration and yield were determined under different NOx and humidity levels. A significant difference is observed both in the SOA mass concentration and SOA yield variation with the initial experimental conditions. Six organic products were identified in the collected SOA by electrospray ionization exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (ESI-Exactive-Orbitrap MS). The –COOH, –OH, –C=O and NO2 functional groups were assigned in the FTIR spectra and used as the indicator for the mechanism inference. In addition, O3 formation was also observed during the furan-NOx-NaCl photooxidation. Based on the MS analysis, the reaction mechanism was proposed to follow the RO2+NO pathway. A significant amount of carbonyl-rich products was detected in the SOA products from the photooxidation of furan. The SOA mass concentration and yield increase with increasing humidity, because higher aerosol liquid water content brings more aqueous phase reactions. The present study demonstrates the effect of NOx and humidity on SOA formation during the furan-NOx-NaCl photooxidation. Furthermore, the results illustrate the importance of studying SOA formation over a comprehensive range of environmental conditions. Only such evaluations can induce meaningful SOA mechanisms to be implemented in air quality models.

Side-Effects of Rinsing Fluids on the Rat Femoral Artery

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. DELAERE ◽  
U. MENNEN ◽  
W. VAN HEERDEN ◽  
E. RAUBENHEIMER ◽  
A. M. WIESE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Femoral Artery ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Femoral Arteries ◽  
Heparinized Saline ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ringer’S Lactate

Rinsing rat femoral arteries with various fluids in experimental conditions similar to those in clinical practice was found to have deleterious effects on the intimal and medial layers of the vessels. No statistically significant difference was found between the effects of Ringer’s lactate and normal saline. Heparinized saline produced significantly less damage to the medial layer and less platelet cell deposition. Lignocaine 2% was found to be extremely damaging to the whole vessel wall, and highly thrombogenic. Nevertheless, all the arteries in each group remained patent 4 days after rinsing.

Teaching Geography to High School Students with Academic Deficits: Effects of a Computerized Map Tutorial

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven V. Horton ◽  
Thomas C. Lovitt ◽  
Tim Slocum
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Ninth Grade ◽  
The Other ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
School Students ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Academic Deficits

This research investigated the effectiveness of two treatments designed to teach the locations of 28 major cities in Asia to students identified as learning disabled and remedial enrolled in a ninth-grade world geography class. In one treatment, students were presented the locations of 14 cities by completing a computerized map tutorial. In the other intervention, students were asked to learn the locations of 14 different cities by referencing an atlas and transcribing their findings to a work map. Results indicated that the computerized map tutorial produced significantly higher performance than the atlas condition for students with learning disabilities and remedial pupils. Within treatments, no significant difference was noted in the performance of the two groups. Several practical applications of computerized graphics for students with academic deficits are discussed.

Movement Retrieval from Long-Term Memory: Physical versus Mental Rehearsal

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Puretz
Keyword(s):  
Original Learning ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Mental Rehearsal ◽  
Dance Movement ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Covert Rehearsal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Dance Movements

Despite references in the psychomotor literature regarding the use of rehearsal strategies in recovering movements from longer term memory, no significant difference between physical (overt) and mental (covert) rehearsal strategies for retrieving a complex dance movement over 30 min., 2 days, and 1 wk. were observed for 72 college women in beginning dance classes. Further, no rehearsal was as effective as either physical or mental rehearsal for retrieving dance movements for up to 1 wk. after original learning by these inexperienced dancers. The findings raise the possibility that other forms of retrieval than those already proposed are used to recover complex dance movements from longer term memory.

Midline Crossing Behavior in Children with Learning Disabilities

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Woodard ◽  
Paul R. Surburg
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Midline Crossing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Upper And Lower Extremities ◽  
Contralateral Movement ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Gender

The purpose was to compare children with and without learning disabilities (LD), ages 6–8 years, on midline crossing inhibition (MCI). Participants were 44 children (24 boys and 20 girls) in two groups (LD and non-LD), matched on age and gender. MCI was operationally defined as significantly slower contralateral movement when choice reaction time (CRT) and movement time (MT) performance were examined for ipsilateral, midline, and contralateral tasks with both upper and lower extremities. Participants completed 12 days of tests (30 trials each day) using a protocol developed by Eason and Surburg (1993). A 2 (Group) × 2 (Extremity) × 3 (Direction) repeated measures MANOVA revealed significant difference for each dependent variable. Children with LD displayed MCI, whereas children without LD did not.

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