Genetic variability and the ecology of geographic range: a test of the central-marginal hypothesis in Australian scincid lizards

For many species, both local abundance and regional occupancy are highest near the center of their geographic distributions. One hypothesis for this pattern is that niche suitability declines with increasing distance from a species geographic center, such that populations near range margins are characterized by reduced density and increased patchiness. In these smaller edge populations, genetic drift is more powerful, leading to the loss of genetic diversity. This simple verbal model has been formalized as the central-marginal hypothesis, which predicts that core populations should have greater genetic diversity than edge populations. However, demographic shifts over time can generate a similar pattern. For example, in species with expanding ranges, populations at the range edge experience serial founder effects, creating a gradient of declining genetic diversity from the range core to edge. Testing the central-marginal hypothesis properly thus requires us to consider the confounding role of historical demography. Here, we account for the role of history in testing the central-marginal hypothesis using a genomic dataset of 25 species-level taxa of Australian skink lizards (genus: Ctenotus and Lerista). We found support for the central-marginal hypothesis in 16 of our 25 taxa, of which eight taxa recovered significant support. Unexpectedly, species with the strongest evidence for range expansion were the least likely to follow predictions of the central-marginal hypothesis. The majority of these species had range expansions that originated at the range edge, which led to lower genetic diversity at the range edge compared to the core, contrary to the central-marginal hypothesis.

THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF A HYBRID WAR

This article is devoted to identifying and characterizing the threat to national security of Russian Federation in the context of a hybrid war. The main aim of the study is to assume that the huge problem for national security of Russia today is the threat of a hybrid nature. This paper proposes the author's classification of hybrid threats, which made it possible to distinguish five functional groups of threats («triads») ‒ in the spiritual and socio-cultural, military-political, economic, information and international legal spheres. The specificity of the «triads» is that each of the three elements of the «triad» is capable of producing the appearance of the second and third elements of the «triad» and maintaining their activity. A variant of ranking «triads» according to the level of their threat intensity is presented, the rates of their intensification in the short term were determined. According to the author's conclusions, the synchronous activity of the «triads» creates a synergistic effect, exerting a complicated negative impact on the state of national security of Russia. The novelty of the research, the results of which are presented in the article, are the classification of hybrid threats and the verbal model of the functioning of the «triads» of threats. The findings of the study can contribute to the development of effective techniques and strategies for countering hybrid threats to national security of Russia.

О выражении надежды (на примере русской глагольной модели предложений и ее польских соответствий)

The paper is devoted to the analysis of lexical markers of hatred in Polish and Russian and their syntactic roles. The following units remain in the scope of the Author’s interest: ненавидеть, ненависть, ненавидящий, ненавистный, ненавистно; nienawidzić, nienawiść, nienawistny, nienawistnie. In order to express strong enmity towards somebody or something the verbal model of a state sentence is usually used: Nienawidzę cię; Я тебя ненавижу (I hate you). The remaining examples name the negative emotional state of the subject indirectly.

Mathematical modelling and verbal abilities: How they determine students’ ability to solve mathematical word problems?

[English]: This study aims to determine the level of lower secondary school students’ ability in solving mathematical word problems and how much both mathematical modelling ability and verbal ability influence the ability to solve word problems in the implementation of Kurikulum 2013 (Curriculum 2013). This study involved 411 students as samples determined by stratified proportional random sampling technique. The test used was declared valid through construct validity and reliability with Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Descriptively, the students' ability in solving mathematical word problems was classified as medium. Meanwhile, inferentially, results were obtained indicating that: (1) students' verbal ability is significantly influential on the ability to solve word problems by 47.6%; (2) the students’ ability in mathematical modelling is significantly influential on the ability to solve word problems by 84.6%; and (3) students' verbal and mathematical modelling abilities are significantly influential on the ability to solve word problems by 87.8%. This indicates that the increase in students' ability to solve mathematical word problems will be more optimal if the verbal ability and the mathematical modelling ability are considered simultaneously, rather than focusing on one ability only. Keywords: Verbal ability, Mathematical modelling, word problems, Curriculum 2013 [Bahasa]: Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan tingkat kemampuan siswa SMP menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika dan seberapa besar pengaruh kemampuan membuat model matematika dan verbal terhadap kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita pada pelaksaaan kurikulum 2013. Penelitian ini melibatkan 411 siswa sebagai sampel yang ditentukan melalui teknik stratified porposional random sampling. Tes yang digunakan dinyatakan valid melalui uji validitas konstruk dan reliabel dengan Alpha Cronbach. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensial. Secara deskriptif, kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika masih tergolong sedang. Sedangkan secara inferensial diperoleh hasil bahwa (1) kemampuan verbal siswa berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita, dengan kemampuan verbal 47,6%; 2) kemampuan siswa dalam membuat model matematika berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita, dengan kemampuan membuat model matematika 84,6%; 3) kemampuan verbal dan membuat model matematika siswa berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita, dengan kemampuan verbal dan membuat model matematika sebesar 87,8%. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika akan lebih optimal jika kemampuan verbal dan kemampuan membuat model matematika diperhatikan secara bersamaan dibandingkan hanya fokus pada salah satu kemampuan saja. Kata kunci : Kemampuan verbal, Model matematika, Soal cerita, Kurikulum 2013

THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION IN THE NATURAL REGULATION OF FOREST STATE

The paper analyzes meteorological data on the maximum daily temperature of the day (noon) and evening (at sunset) in detail. Based on the analysis, a verbal model of the influence of the planetary motion of the Earth and the water cycle in nature on temperature fluctuations and, consequently, on the state of forests is formed. Then a formal model of these influences is presented, that is in good agreement with experiment at a certain computer simulation.

Analysis and modeling of spatially localized agglomeration regional economic systems

Пространственное развитие экономики является ключевой целью государства и общества. Современная пространственная экономика рассматривается как совокупность неоднородных локализованных агломерационных региональных систем. Связи с этим, важным аспектом понимания генезиса развития таких систем является синтез драйверов их функционирования и концепций их формирования. Основу понимания такой сложной системной концепции, можно представить в виде вербальной модели основные параметры которой возможно оценить с помощью эконометрической спецификации. Эконометрическая модель оценивает номинальный агломерационный эффект в экономике городов Сибирского федерального округа и в широком смысле оперирует такими основными факторами, как труд и капитал. Стремительная продолжающаяся урбанизация современного периода развития общества, приводит к осознанию проблем жизни в городах и на территориях с различной плотностью хозяйственно-экономической деятельности. Это формирует каскад негативных следствий отражающихся в усилении неравенства, безработице, социальных проблемах и т.д. А в итоге приводит к пониманию необходимости совершенствования институтов агломерационной экономики, диверсификации отраслевой региональной структуры, повышению уровня и комфорта жизни населения. Оценка вклада трудового фактора в системе моделей показала возможности прироста номинального агломерационного эффекта от 8 до 45%. Решение проблем социально перегруженной экономики должно происходить в рамках процессов воспроизводства материального, антропологического и институционально-средового. Spatial development of the economy is a key goal of the state and society. The modern spatial economy is considered as a set of heterogeneous localized agglomeration regional systems. In this connection, an important aspect of understanding the genesis of the development of such systems is the synthesis of drivers of their functioning and concepts of their formation. The basis for understanding such a complex system concept can be represented in the form of a verbal model, the main parameters of which can be estimated using an econometric specification. The econometric model estimates the nominal agglomeration effect in the economy of the cities of the Siberian Federal District and, in a broad sense, operates with such basic factors as labor and capital. The rapid ongoing urbanization of the modern period of development of society leads to an awareness of the problems of life in cities and territories with different densities of economic and economic activity. This forms a cascade of negative consequences, reflected in increasing inequality, unemployment, social problems, etc. In the end, it leads to an understanding of the need to improve the institutions of the agglomeration economy, diversify the sectoral regional structure, and increase the level and comfort of life of the population. Assessment of the contribution of the labor factor in the system of models showed the possibility of an increase in the nominal agglomeration effect from 8 to 45%. The solution to the problems of a socially overloaded economy should occur within the framework of the processes of reproduction of the material, anthropological and institutional.

TRANSLATION PECULIARITIES OF COGNITIVE FEATURES OF THE SUBCONCEPT "MIDDLE AGE" VERBALIZED IN CH. DICKENS’S NOVELS

The paper describes cognitive features of the subconcept “middle age” as a component of the complex concept “age” in Ch. Dickens’s works. Their field structure is presented, and a graphic and verbal model is compiled, which gave basis to Russian equivalents, reflecting the content peculiarities of the subconcept in the original language. The research is based on the semantic-cognitive method of language analysis with the use of such auxiliary methods as text corpus compilation, contextual analysis, concordance compilation method, quantitative analysis, and descriptive method. The translation is carried out by means of lexical transformations. The article presents the results of translation of cases of both direct and indirect nomination of the subconcept “middle age”.

VERBAL MODEL OF MANAGEMENT OF A VULNERABLE PROCESS OF DEDICATING THE ACCESS OF USERS TO THE SOFTWARE OF THE ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT SYSTEM

Objectives Traditional methods for solving the problem of protecting the information resource of electronic document management systems based on protective basic functions (identification, authentication and verification of users, etc.) of available tools and information security subsystems have a significant drawback - inefficiency when an attacker masters the password of regular users. In order to eliminate it, it is necessary to develop new methods related to managing the weakly vulnerable process of delimiting user access not only to confidential information, but also to the software of the electronic document management system.Method One way to solve this problem is to use the modified “soft administration” method, which consists in automatically generating lists of allowed source files in the authorization matrix by reducing the lists and comparing file integrity functions with a reference list for an existing software package. This allows you to automate the process of developing access control rules and provide management of the weakly vulnerable process of access control to software tools of the electronic document management system.Result A verbal model is developed for automated control of a weakly vulnerable process of differentiating access to software tools of an electronic document management system, and a system of performance indicators for the functioning of a promising subsystem for protecting confidential information characterizing it as a control object is proposed.Conclusion The presented verbal model provides for the possibility of distributed control, in which the security administrator directly controls the specified process using a remote software tool. The formation (change) of the authority establishment matrix for managing a weakly vulnerable process of access control using a promising subsystem for protecting confidential information and the development of a system of indicators to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of its functioning is one of the most important tasks of protecting information from unauthorized access, guaranteeing the implementation of a security policy throughout the entire operation period secure electronic document management system.

Associative-verbal model of the verb haben and its synonyms in German

An associative experiment, widely used in recent years in psycholinguistic studies, allows for an in-depth study of the semantics of a word by considering logical relationships in associative fields. In addition, the results of such an experiment provide “access” to the speakers’ language consciousness and enable the researcher to describe its structure. At the same time, the “construction” of associative-verbal models makes it possible to understand and study the systematic character of the individual speaker’s world view and language consciousness of the speakers of a certain language and culture. All this determines the relevance of the associative-verbal models and specific lexemes analysis. The study of the speaking personality – Homo Loquens – is connected with the analysis of an individual world view explicated in language consciousness and actually existing in the form of verbal images – word associations. This article discusses the results of a free associative experiment with participation of the native German speakers (as a result of this experiment, 137 different associative reactions were received with the total number of associative reactions 305; the analysis focused on both types of responses – primary and secondary word associations). The subject matter of the study is the verb haben, forming the centre in the sphere “possession” and its synonyms (gehören, verfügen, besitzen, gebieten). The synonyms were identified through a lexicographical analysis with the help of five dictionaries of synonyms and the Contemporary German language corpora dwds.de. The analysis is based on a systematic approach that allows us to reveal the structure of senses and meanings in the mental lexicon and the interconnectedness of associative fields of synonymous stimulus words. The lexicographical, corpus and associative types of analysis reveal the following: 1) a negligible number of respondents' refusals to respond; 2) associating with a “paradigmatic” type in regard to the semantic structure of the stimulus word and associative response; 3) a high degree of uniqueness of “syntagmatic” associations; 4) “possession” is associated with such reactions as Geld, Gut, Güter, Macht, Testament, Freunde, nichts.