Kinematic Analysis of Olympic Sprint Performance: Men's 200 Meters

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Mann ◽  
John Herman
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Stride Rate ◽  
Body Velocity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Support Time

Selected kinematic variables in the performance of the Gold and Silver medalists and the eighth-place finisher in the men's 200-meter sprint final at the 1984 Summer Olympic Games were investigated. Cinematographic records were obtained for all track running events at the Games, with the 200-meter performers singled out for initial analysis. In this race, sagittal view filming records (100 fps) were collected at the middle (125-meter mark) and end (180-meter mark) of the performance. Computer-generated analysis variables included both direct performance variables (body velocity, stride rate, etc.) and upper and lower body kinematics (upper arm position, lower leg velocity, etc.) that have previously been utilized in the analysis of elite athlete sprinters. The difference in place finish was related to the performance variables body horizontal velocity (direct), stride rate (direct), and support time (indirect). The critical body kinematics variables related to success included upper leg angle at takeoff (indirect), upper leg velocity during support (direct), lower leg velocity at touchdown (direct), foot to body touchdown distance (indirect), and relative foot velocity at touchdown.

Kinematic Analysis of Olympic Hurdle Performance: Women's 100 Meters

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Mann ◽  
John Herman
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
The Body ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Body Velocity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Foot Position ◽  
Support Time ◽  
Leg Position

Selected kinematic variables in the performance of the Gold and Silver medalists and the eighth-place finisher in the women's 100-meter hurdles final at the 1984 Summer Olympic Games were investigated. Cinematographic records were obtained for all track hurdling events at the Games, with the 100-meter hurdle performers singled out for initial analysis. In this race, sagittal view filming records (100 fps) were collected at the 9th hurdle of the performance. Computer generated analysis variables included both direct performance variables (body velocity, support time, etc.) and body kinematics (upper leg position, lower leg velocity, etc.) that have previously been utilized in the analysis of elite athlete hurdlers. The difference in place finish was related to the performance variables body horizontal velocity (direct), vertical velocity (indirect), and support time (indirect). The critical body kinematics variables related to success included upper and lower leg velocity during support into and off the hurdle (direct), relative horizontal foot position (to the body) at touchdown into and off the hurdle (indirect), and relative horizontal foot velocity (to the body) at touchdown into the hurdle.

scholarly journals Athlete–Coach Conflict and a Sport Psychologist Caught in the Middle: A Case Study of Consultancy During Athlete Preparation and Performance in Olympic Games Athletics

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-42
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Males ◽  
John H. Kerr ◽  
Joanne Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Basic Performance ◽  
Sport Psychologist ◽  
And Performance

This case study examines the personal experiences of an elite athlete, coach, and sport psychology consultant (SPC) during the athlete’s preparation and performance in a recent Olympic Games. The qualitative research details how the consultancy process was affected by the athlete’s late admission of the deteriorating relationship with his coach. The concepts of closeness, commitment, complementarity, and co-orientation provided a theoretical perspective to the SPC’s interpretation of athlete performance and the interpersonal conflict that developed between athlete and coach. The basic performance demand model provided an applied perspective. The SPC’s commentary adopts a reflexive discursive style that also focuses on the SPC’s role in the consultancy process and the effectiveness of the performance demand model materials. Five important recommendations arise from the case study, and these might inform other SPCs’ future athlete–coach consultancies and interventions.

scholarly journals Design and development of hardware platform for fully-assistive lower leg exoskeleton

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Bonnici
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Hardware Platform ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Portable Computing ◽  
Functional Prototype

The abundance of cheap, portable computing has allowed for complex applications of robotics, especially in the medical rehabilitation field. The emergence of wearable robotics which simulate the movement of healthy individuals is seen as a new option for treating and rehabilitating individuals with paraplegia and other motor disorders. This thesis presents the design and implementation of a miniaturized, low-power, extensible hardware platform for control of a fully-assistive lower-body exoskeleton. A preliminary ARM Cortex-M4-based control platform using modular COTS parts was developed and implemented in a medical exoskeleton (the Bionik Laboratories’ ARKE) and was evaluated through human medical trials. Clinical feedback was used to drive the design of a new platform. A functional prototype of the design was constructed and retrofitted onto an exoskeleton. Data acquisition and MATLAB was then used to evaluate and compare the performance of the two designs. A size reduction of 29% is achieved.

scholarly journals Reference values for the six-minute pegboard and ring test in healthy adults in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Pereira Lima ◽  
Fabiana Damasceno Almeida ◽  
Tania Janaudis-Ferreira ◽  
Bianca Carmona ◽  
Giane Amorim Ribeiro-Samora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Ring Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Result

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine reference values for the six-minute pegboard and ring test (6PBRT) in healthy adults in Brazil, correlating the results with arm length, circumference of the upper arm/forearm of the dominant arm, and the level of physical activity. Methods: The participants (all volunteers) performed two 6PBRTs, 30 min apart. They were instructed to move as many rings as possible in six minutes. The best test result was selected for data analysis. Results: The sample comprised 104 individuals, all over 30 years of age. Reference values were reported by age bracket. We found that age correlated with 6PBRT results. The number of rings moved was higher in the 30- to 39-year age group than in the > 80-year age group (430.25 ± 77.00 vs. 265.00 ± 65.75), and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). The 6PBRT results showed a weak, positive correlation with the level of physical activity (r = 0.358; p < 0.05) but did not correlate significantly with any other variable studied. Conclusions: In this study, we were able to determine reference values for the 6PBRT in healthy adults in Brazil. There was a correlation between 6PBRT results and age.

Breaking the Myth That Relay Swimming Is Faster Than Individual Swimming

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Skorski ◽  
Naroa Etxebarria ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Split Time ◽  
Relay Race

Purpose:To investigate if swimming performance is better in a relay race than in the corresponding individual race.Methods:The authors analyzed 166 elite male swimmers from 15 nations in the same competition (downloaded from www.swimrankings.net). Of 778 observed races, 144 were Olympic Games performances (2000, 2004, 2012), with the remaining 634 performed in national or international competitions. The races were 100-m (n = 436) and 200-m (n = 342) freestyle events. Relay performance times for the 2nd–4th swimmers were adjusted (+ 0.73 s) to allow for the “flying start.”Results:Without any adjustment, mean individual relay performances were significantly faster for the first 50 m and overall time in the 100-m events. Furthermore, the first 100 m of the 200-m relay was significantly faster (P > .001). During relays, swimmers competing in 1st position did not show any difference compared with their corresponding individual performance (P > .16). However, swimmers competing in 2nd–4th relay-team positions demonstrated significantly faster times in the 100-m (P < .001) and first half of the 200-m relays than in their individual events (P < .001, ES: 0.28–1.77). However, when finishing times for 2nd–4th relay team positions were adjusted for the flying start no differences were detected between relay and individual race performance for any event or split time (P > .17).Conclusion:Highly trained swimmers do not swim (or turn) faster in relay events than in their individual races. Relay exchange times account for the difference observed in individual vs relay performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Rest Position on Morphology of the Vastus Lateralis and Its Relationship with Lower-Body Strength and Power

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa N. Varanoske ◽  
Nicholas A. Coker ◽  
Bri-Ana D.I. Johnson ◽  
Tal Belity ◽  
Gerald T. Mangine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Echo Intensity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Ultrasonography of the lower body typically encompasses supine rest due to fluid shifts affecting tissue size and composition. However, vastus lateralis (VL) examination is completed in the lateral recumbent position, and this positional change may influence morphology and its ability to predict function. This study aimed to examine the effect of position on VL morphology and its relationship with lower-body performance. Cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), echo intensity (UnCorEI), subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SFT), and echo intensity corrected for SFT (CorEI) were assessed in 31 resistance-trained males (23.0 ± 2.1 yrs; 1.79 ± 0.08 m; 87.4 ± 11.7 kg) immediately after transitioning from standing to supine (IP), after 15 min of standing (ST), and after 15 min of rest in three recumbent positions: supine (SUP), dominant lateral recumbent (DLR), non-dominant lateral recumbent (NDLR). Participants also completed unilateral vertical jumps, isometric/isokinetic tests, and a one-repetition maximum leg press. CSA, MT, PA, and SFT were greater in ST compared to NDLR, DLR, and SUP (p < 0.05). CSA, UnCorEI, and CorEI were different between recumbent positions; however no differences were observed for MT, PA, and SFT. Different magnitudes of relationships were observed between muscle morphological characteristics measured after rest in different positions and performance variables. Muscle morphology in IP generally appears to be the best predictor of performance for most variables, although utilizing the NDLR and DLR positions may provide comparable results, whereas morphology measured in ST and SUP provide weaker relationships with physical performance. IP also requires less time and fewer requirements on the technician and subject, thus researchers should consider this positioning for VL examination.

Development of Sensory Feedback Device for Myoelectric Prosthetic Hand to Provide Hardness of Objects to Users

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takakuni Morita ◽  
◽  
Takeshi Kikuchi ◽  
Chiharu Ishii ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Tactile Feedback ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Psychophysical Method ◽  
Prosthetic Hand ◽  
Difference Threshold ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Object A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reference Input

[abstFig src='/00280003/12.jpg' width=""300"" text='Sensory feedback device for myoelectric hand' ] In this paper, a sensory feedback device was developed to improve the operability of a myoelectric prosthetic hand. The device is worn on the user’s upper arm and provides object hardness feedback to by winding a belt onto the upper arm using a motor. When the finger of the myoelectric prosthetic hand grabs the object, the contact force on the object is detected by a pressure sensor attached to a finger cushion on the myoelectric prosthetic hand. Based on the sensor’s input, the hardness of the object is calculated. According to the hardness of the object, a reference input to realize the corresponding winding speed of the belt is generated by a reference input generator. Then, the motor of the feedback device is controlled to track the reference input by using the self-tuning PID control technique, taking parameter variation into account. Thus, the belt of the feedback device is wound by the motor and tightens the user’s upper arm, thereby enabling the user to receive tactile feedback. Finally, confirmation tests are conducted based on a psychophysical method to verify the effectiveness of the feedback device and its control system. As a result, the difference threshold of the sensory feedback device was 0.59 N/mm.

The impact of load on lower body performance variables during the hang power clean

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Suchomel ◽  
George K. Beckham ◽  
Glenn A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Lower Body ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Power Clean

THE ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN IN MICE

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rerup ◽  
Pavo Hedner
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response Line ◽  
Free Plasma

ABSTRACT The assay of corticotrophin was performed in mice by means of small sample analysis of free plasma corticosteroids. In this method hypophysectomy was replaced by dexamethasone pretreatment. The response was measured preferably in a single mouse weighing 20 g or more. When mice of a lower body weight were used the plasma of two randomly assigned mice was pooled. Corticosteroids (mainly corticosterone) were determined fluorometrically in 0.25 (0.20) ml samples of plasma from heparinized blood. The results show that valid corticotrophin assays can be performed in mice both by the intravenous and subcutaneous route. Compared with the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method or the plasma corticosteroid method in the rat the assay in mice was found to be at least five times more sensitive. 40 micro-units of corticotrophin were consistently detectable. Precision was dependent on the route of administration, the mean index of precision (s/b) being 0.20 in the intravenous and 0.12 in the subcutaneous assay. The difference was due to a steeper slope of the logdose-response line after subcutaneous administration. Contrary to the findings in the rat, corticotrophin A (oxycel purified) did not differ significantly in potency estimates from subcutaneous and intravenous assays in mice, when crude corticotrophin (U. S. P. Corticotropin Reference Standard) was the basis of comparison. Accordingly results of subcutaneous assays of corticotrophin A samples in terms of the U. S. P. standard were lower in mice than in rats. The use of gelatine instead of saline as diluent in the subcutaneous assays yielded slightly but not significantly higher potency estimates (25 per cent). The interpretation of the results is that for intravenous corticotrophin assays the mouse method is comparable to the rat assay. For subcutaneous corticotrophin assays, however, the mouse method is not suitable, if crude corticotrophin (U. S. P. standard) is the basis of comparison, but if corticotrophin A (oxycel purified) is the standard of reference (e. g. the Third International Standard for Corticotrophin), the mouse method may justifiably be used. The advantages of the mouse method are increased sensitivity, precision, convenience, and economy.

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