A Multivariable Analysis of Lower Extremity Kinematic Asymmetry in Running

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Vagenas ◽  
Blaine Hoshizaki
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Barefoot Running ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
Running Shoes

This study investigated the phenomenon of kinematic asymmetry of the lower limbs in distance runners. The subjects, 29 male distance runners, were recorded by high-speed filming while running on a motor driven treadmill under two experimental conditions (with running shoes and barefoot). Twelve selected kinematic variables were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. It was demonstrated that the lower limbs of distance runners possess a multifaceted kinematic asymmetry for touchdown and foot contact as well as for the entire phase of foot support of the running stride. Significant kinematic asymmetries were found in the lower leg angle, rearfoot angle, mediolateral velocity of the foot, and in some temporal variables. Contemporary running shoes seem to significantly change the degree of rearfoot control asymmetry observed in normal barefoot running. The findings of the present study confirm previous data suggesting that the phenomenon of kinematic asymmetry in runners is warranted.

Evaluation of Rearfoot Asymmetries in Running with Worn and New Running Shoes

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Vagenas ◽  
Blaine Hoshizaki
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
High Speed Cinematography ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of this study was to identify the kinematic characteristics of bilateral rearfoot asymmetry during heel–toe running under two experimental conditions: worn (broken-in) running shoes and new (standardized) running shoes. High-speed cinematography (150 fps) was used to film the lower limbs of four male runners in the frontal plane while running on a treadmill at their training pace. Six successive footfalls were analyzed for each subject and selected kinematical variables of the rearfoot function were calculated. Significant asymmetries were found in lower leg angle and Achilles tendon angle at touchdown and at maximum pronation. Total pronation and rearfoot angle were almost symmetric. The angular displacement graphs for the shank and foot revealed a distinct overall asymmetry between the lower limbs in both conditions. The mean values of the kinematical asymmetries were appreciably higher in the new shoe condition. It is proposed that the degree of these asymmetries is subject to changes due to injury, personal running style, and stability of the running shoe. Trends of bilateral dominance specific to rearfoot control in running were identified.

scholarly journals Different running in shod vs. minimal footwear/barefoot runners - adaptions for prevention of injuries

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Daumer ◽  
Paul Subkowski ◽  
Michael Trost ◽  
Christoph Stolle ◽  
Christine Kleinmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
R Software ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Potential Link

In the last years the number of long distance runners who wear minimal footwear or run completely barefoot increased considerably. There is an ongoing debate about the benefits and risks of running in minimal footwear/barefoot instead of running in conventional running shoes. The objectives were to investigate the effect of different types of shoes as well as of different running techniques on acceleration of centre of gravity and to explore a potential link to injuries (subjects are described in table 1). We assessed data with a mobile accelerometry device (actibelt ®, http://www.actibelt.com) during competition. Three runners were additionally investigated during a treadmill test using a high speed camera system simultaneously coupled to a wireless stream of acceleration data. Acceleration raw data was analysed with standardized algorithm packages using R software environment.

The Torsion of the Foot in Running

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Stacoff ◽  
Xaver Kaelin ◽  
Edgar Stuessi ◽  
Bernhard Segesser
Keyword(s):  
Lower Leg ◽  
Torsional Stiffness ◽  
Barefoot Running ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Running Injuries ◽  
Shoe Soles ◽  
The Relationship

In the research of running shoes, excessive pronation is often related to various running injuries. Anatomically, pronation is a movement that occurs in more than one joint. Previous investigations that evaluated the pronation in running studied the movements of the lower leg and the rearfoot only. However, pronation could also be influenced by the movement of the forefoot and therefore depend on the torsional stiffness of the foot and of the shoe sole. This study investigated the relationship between the torsion and the pronation in running with a rearfoot touchdown and with a forefoot touchdown. The results show that, compared to running barefoot, running with a shoe decreases torsion and thereby increases pronation significantly (p< 0.01) for the forefoot and rearfoot touchdown conditions. Thus the reduction of torsional movement due to stiff shoe soles could well be a reason for running injuries caused by excessive pronation. It is concluded that modern running shoes could be designed to allow a certain torsional movement of the foot.

Rearfoot Motion and Torsion in Running: The Effects of Upper Vamp Stabilizers

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Ferrandis ◽  
Ana-Cruz García ◽  
José Ramiro ◽  
Juan-Víctor Hoyos ◽  
Pedro Vera
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Rearfoot Motion ◽  
Rearfoot Eversion ◽  
Support Phase

In this paper the changes produced in the kinematics of the foot during running when the upper vamp design of the shoes is modified are studied. Ten marathon runners who presented overpronation were selected, and five prototypes of running shoes, incorporating several rearfoot control features, were specially designed for the study. The rear plane of the lower leg was filmed at high speed during treadmill running while subjects wore the prototypes. Variables referring to maximum angles of rearfoot eversion and torsion were found to be more sensitive to changes introduced in the sport shoes than variables corresponding to ranges of motion. Statistically significant differences were found between prototypes during the support phase in rearfoot motion and torsion. In general the prototypes that showed an increase in rearfoot control also showed a decrease in torsion.

scholarly journals Different running in shod vs. minimal footwear/barefoot runners - adaptions for prevention of injuries

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Daumer ◽  
Paul Subkowski ◽  
Michael Trost ◽  
Christoph Stolle ◽  
Christine Kleinmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
R Software ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Potential Link

In the last years the number of long distance runners who wear minimal footwear or run completely barefoot increased considerably. There is an ongoing debate about the benefits and risks of running in minimal footwear/barefoot instead of running in conventional running shoes. The objectives were to investigate the effect of different types of shoes as well as of different running techniques on acceleration of centre of gravity and to explore a potential link to injuries (subjects are described in table 1). We assessed data with a mobile accelerometry device (actibelt ®, http://www.actibelt.com) during competition. Three runners were additionally investigated during a treadmill test using a high speed camera system simultaneously coupled to a wireless stream of acceleration data. Acceleration raw data was analysed with standardized algorithm packages using R software environment.

scholarly journals Forefoot strike, rear foot strike or running shoes. Does it matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
David Janoušek ◽  
Pavel Stejskal
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
Objective View ◽  
Insight Into

The main aim of this article is to provide some insight into evidence-based data in running. The prevalence of a rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern is much more usual than a forefoot strike (FFS) even among elite distance runners. There has been significant pressure on runners to change their running style from RFS to FFS in recent times. Usually, this has been justified by the statement that FFS relates to a lower injury rate. Recent studies have shown however, that this statement is probably not true. Different types of strike pattern have an influence on loading different structures of the lower limbs, but the total incidence of running related injury is the same regardless of the type of foot strike pattern.We want to provide not only an objective view on running technique but also an evidence-based view on the choice of running shoes. There are many recommendations to consider when choosing running shoes, especially in running stores, but only a few of them are supported by research.This article is not a meta-analysis but it provides some evidence based information about running styles and running shoes.

Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zimmermann ◽  
J.A. Scott Kelso ◽  
Larry Lander
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Normal Speech

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject on two separate days. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dramatically altering the structural dimensions of the oral cavity on the kinematic parameters of speech. The results showed that the experimental subjects performed differently pre and postoperatively though the changes were in different directions for the two subjects. Differences in both means and variabilities of kinematic parameters were larger between days for the experimental (operated) subjects than for the control subject. The results for the Control subject also showed significant differences in the mean values of kinematic variables between days though these day-to-day differences could not account for the effects found pre- and postoperatively. The results of the kinematic analysis, particularly the finding that transition time was most stable over the experimental conditions for the operated subjects, are used to speculate about the coordination of normal speech.

Comparison of standardised lymphoscintigraphic function test and high resolution sonography of the lymphoedema of legs

Phlebologie ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (05) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Brauer ◽  
W. J. Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Lower Leg ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Unreliable Method ◽  
Negative Conclusion ◽  
Fine Disperse

SummaryPurpose: Comparison of qualitative and quantitative sonography with the lymphoscintigraphic function test and clinical findings in legs. Patients, methods: In 33 patients a lymphoscintigraphic function test of legs combined with measurement of lymph node uptake was performed and subsequently compared with sonography. Sonographic criteria were: Thickness of cutis, thickness of subcutanean fatty tissue and presence of liquid structures or fine disperse tissue structure of lower limbs, foots and toes. Results: In 51 legs uptake values lie in the pathologic area, in four legs in the grey area and in ten legs in the normal area. The cutis thickness in the lower leg shows no significant correlation with the uptake. The determination of the thickness of the subcutanean fatty tissue of the lower leg and of the cutis thickness of the feet turned out to be an unreliable method. In 47% of the medial lower legs and in 57% of the lateral lower legs with clinical lymphoedema sonography is falsely negative. Conclusion: Early lymphoedema is only detectable with the lymphoscintigraphic function test. In the case of clinical lymphoedema clinical examination is more reliable than sonography.

Influence of Attached Masses on Impact Forces and Running Style in Heel-Toe Running

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bahlsen ◽  
Benno M. Nigg
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Additional Mass ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
High Speed Film ◽  
Vertical Impact

Impact forces analysis in heel-toe running is often used to examine the reduction of impact forces for different running shoes and/or running techniques. Body mass is reported to be a dominant predictor of vertical impact force peaks. However, it is not evident whether this finding is only true for the real body mass or whether it is also true for additional masses attached to the body (e.g., running with additional weight or heavy shoes). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of additional mass on vertical impact force peaks and running style. Nineteen subjects (9 males, 10 females) with a mean mass of 74.2 kg/56.2 kg (SD = 10.0 kg and 6.0 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Additional masses were attached to the shoe (.05 and .1 kg), the tibia (.2, .4, .6 kg), and the hip (5.9 and 10.7 kg). Force plate measurements and high-speed film data were analyzed. In this study the vertical impact force peaks, Fzi, were not affected by additional masses, the vertical active force peaks, Fza, were only affected by additional masses greater than 6 kg, and the movement was only different in the knee angle at touchdown, ϵ0, for additional masses greater than .6 kg. The results of this study did not support findings reported earlier in the literature that body mass is a dominant predictor of external vertical impact force peaks.

scholarly journals The Influence of Carrier Air Preheating on Autoignition of Inline-Injected Hydrogen–Nitrogen Mixtures in Vitiated Air of High Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph A. Schmalhofer ◽  
Peter Griebel ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

The use of highly reactive hydrogen-rich fuels in lean premixed combustion systems strongly affects the operability of stationary gas turbines (GT) resulting in higher autoignition and flashback risks. The present study investigates the autoignition behavior and ignition kernel evolution of hydrogen–nitrogen fuel mixtures in an inline co-flow injector configuration at relevant reheat combustor operating conditions. High-speed luminosity and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in an optically accessible reheat combustor are employed. Autoignition and flame stabilization limits strongly depend on temperatures of vitiated air and carrier preheating. Higher hydrogen content significantly promotes the formation and development of different types of autoignition kernels: More autoignition kernels evolve with higher hydrogen content showing the promoting effect of equivalence ratio on local ignition events. Autoignition kernels develop downstream a certain distance from the injector, indicating the influence of ignition delay on kernel development. The development of autoignition kernels is linked to the shear layer development derived from global experimental conditions.

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