scholarly journals Eating Patterns and Meal Frequency of Elite Australian Athletes

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Gary Slater ◽  
Elizabeth M. Broad ◽  
Jasmina Haukka ◽  
Sofie Modulon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Standardized Terminology ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
Eating Occasions ◽  
Moderate Relationship

We undertook a dietary survey of 167 Australian Olympic team athletes (80 females and 87 males) competing in endurance sports (n = 41), team sports (n = 31), sprint- or skill-based sports (n = 67), and sports in which athletes are weight-conscious (n = 28). Analysis of their 7-day food diaries provided mean energy intakes, nutrient intakes, and eating patterns. Higher energy intakes relative to body mass were reported by male athletes compared with females, and by endurance athletes compared with other athletes. Endurance athletes reported substantially higher intakes of carbohydrate (CHO) than other athletes, and were among the athletes most likely to consume CHO during and after training sessions. Athletes undertaking weight-conscious sports reported relatively low energy intakes and were least likely to consume CHO during a training session or in the first hour of recovery. On average, athletes reported eating on ~5 separate occasions each day, with a moderate relationship between the number of daily eating occasions and total energy intake. Snacks, defined as food or drink consumed between main meals, provided 23% of daily energy intake and were chosen from sources higher in CHO and lower in fat and protein than foods chosen at meals. The dietary behaviors of these elite athletes were generally consistent with guidelines for sports nutrition, but intakes during and after training sessions were often sub-optimal. Although it is of interest to study the periodicity of fluid and food intake by athletes, it is difficult to compare across studies due to a lack of standardized terminology.

Resting Metabolic Rate and Thermic Effect of a Meal in Low- and Adequate-Energy Intake Male Endurance Athletes

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Thompson ◽  
Melinda M. Manore ◽  
James S. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Thermic Effect

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were determined in 13 low-energy intake (LOW) and 11 adequate-energy intake (ADQ) male endurance athletes. The LOW athletes reported eating 1,490 kcal·day-1less than the ADQ group, while the activity level of both groups was similar. Despite these differences, both groups had a similar fat-free mass (FFM) and had been weight stable for at least 2 years. The RMR was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the LOW group compared to the values of the ADQ group (1.19 vs. 1.29 kcal·FFM-1·hr-l, respectively); this difference represents a lower resting expenditure of 158 kcal·day-1. No differences were found in TEM between the two groups. These results suggest that a lower RMR is one mechanism that contributes to weight maintenance in a group of low- versus adequate-energy intake male athletes.

Pre- and Postgame Macronutrient Intake of a Group of Elite Australian Football Players

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Peter Schokman ◽  
Ingrid H.E. Rutishauser ◽  
Roger J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Australian Football

This study describes pre- and postcompetition mean energy and macronutrient intakes of 40 elite Australian Football players. Carbohydrate intake, expressed both as a percentage of total energy intake (En %) and as grams per kilogram of body mass (g/kg BM), was significantly less (51.7% En and 4.8 g/kg BM, p < . 001) than minimum recommendations for endurance athletes (60% En and 6 g/kg BM). Pregame carbohydrate intake (53.6% En) was significantly greater (p < .01) than postgame (49.7% En). However, expressed as g/kg BM, pre- and postgame macronutrient intakes did not differ significantly. Protein and fat intakes (as g/kg BM) fell within guidelines, whereas energy intake (13.2 MJ/ day or 153.8 kJ/kg BM) was lower than expected. Results suggest that for athletes engaging in endurance team sports where body mass and energy requirements vary considerably, carbohydrate recommendations are more appropriately expressed as g/kg BM rather than En %.

scholarly journals The Athlete's Perception of Coaches’ Behavior Towards Competitors with a Different Sports Level

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Siekanska ◽  
Jan Blecharz ◽  
Agnieszka Wojtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
National Level ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Former Athletes ◽  
Coaching Behavior ◽  
The University ◽  
Athletic Development ◽  
Type Of Behavior

Abstract The study was designed to examine how active and former athletes across a different sports level perceived coaching behavior. Eighty competitive athletes (44 males and 36 females; 21.89 ±1.48 years of age; 8.35 ± 3.65 years of competitive experience) from the University School of Physical Education in Cracow, Poland, participated in the study. They represented both individual (n = 50) and team sports (n = 30). Seventeen participants were internationally renowned and 63 were recognized for competitive excellence at a national level. The participants responded to a demographic survey and the Coaches’ Behaviors Survey. The qualitative analysis procedures were employed to extract themes from open-ended questions. It was confirmed that coaches who perceived their athletes as more skilled, also treated them differently. Female athletes as compared with male athletes, more frequently pointed at the leniency in coach’s behavior towards highly skilled athletes, and perceived it as a factor inhibiting athletic development. Additionally, women often found individualization of the training process as a behavior reinforcing development. Less accomplished athletes more often pointed out to “a post-training session interest in the athlete” as directed only towards more accomplished counterparts; however, they indicated “leniency and favoring” less often than the athletes with international achievements. They also listed “excessive criticism” as a type of behavior hindering development, but they indicated coaches’ “authoritarianism and distance” less frequently than the more accomplished counterparts. The study added data to the discussion of the Pygmalion effect and the phenomenon of the self-fulfilling prophecy both in general (Rosenthal and Jacobson, 1968; Harris and Rosenthal, 1985; Jussim, 1989) and sport psychology (Harris and Rosenthal, 1985; Horn et al., 1998; Solomon and Kosmitzki, 1996; Solomon et al., 1998; Solomon, 2001).

scholarly journals Increased carbohydrate availability effects energy and nutrient periodisation of professional male athletes from the Australian Football League

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brianna S. Salagaras ◽  
Kristen L. MacKenzie-Shalders ◽  
Gary John Slater ◽  
Chris McLellan ◽  
Vernon G. Coffey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Carbohydrate Consumption ◽  
Carbohydrate Availability ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
Access To Food

This research aims to explore the effect of increased carbohydrate availability intervention on energy intake and distribution in professional Australian Football athletes. Six 24-h energy and macronutrient intakes were quantified (n= 19 males; age 24 ±4 y, stature 187 ±8 cm, mass 87 ±9 kg) using photographic food diaries and Foodworks analyses. Energy expenditure was estimated for the same period using GeneActiv accelerometers. During three control days, athletes had ad libitum access to food, while the three intervention days increased carbohydrate availability, through greater prompting and access to carbohydrate foods. Daily energy intake was higher during intervention (185 ±40 kJ/kg/d) compared with control (172 ±31 kJ/kg/d; p<0.05) but remained below estimated expenditure, and carbohydrate intake was also greater with intervention (5.0 ±0.2 g/kg/d) than control (4.0 ±0.2 g/kg/d; p<0.05). Expenditure was highest during the morning which coincided with lowest intake on all days, while the intervention was associated with greater carbohydrate intake in the morning (0.6 g/kg, p< 0.05) compared with control. Increasing availability of carbohydrate during high-load training generated a modest increase in carbohydrate and energy intake, and the intervention was most effective in improving carbohydrate intake during mornings. Novelty Bullets • Increased access and provision of carbohydrate foods increased carbohydrate consumption and energy intake on high training load days. • Daily distribution of energy intake can be modified through actively promoting carbohydrate consumption.

scholarly journals Temporal Eating Patterns and Eating Windows among Adults with Overweight or Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4485
Author(s):  
Collin J. Popp ◽  
Margaret Curran ◽  
Chan Wang ◽  
Malini Prasad ◽  
Keenan Fine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Local Time ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Eating Occasion ◽  
Eating Occasions ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

We aim to describe temporal eating patterns in a population of adults with overweight or obesity. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were combined from two separate pilot studies during which participants entered the timing of all eating occasions (>0 kcals) for 10–14 days. Data were aggregated to determine total eating occasions, local time of the first and last eating occasions, eating window, eating midpoint, and within-person variability of eating patterns. Eating patterns were compared between sexes, as well as between weekday and weekends. Participants (n = 85) had a median age of 56 ± 19 years, were mostly female (>70%), white (56.5%), and had a BMI of 31.8 ± 8.0 kg/m2. The median eating window was 14 h 04 min [12 h 57 min–15 h 21 min], which was significantly shorter on the weekend compared to weekdays (p < 0.0001). Only 13.1% of participants had an eating window <12 h/d. Additionally, there was greater irregularity with the first eating occasion during the week when compared to the weekend (p = 0.0002). In conclusion, adults with overweight or obesity have prolonged eating windows (>14 h/d). Future trials should examine the contribution of a prolonged eating window on adiposity independent of energy intake.

Perceptions of Masculinity among Male Varsity Rugby Players at Queen’s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Sheasgreen
Keyword(s):  
Social Power ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Athletic Administrators ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Masculine Norms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Varsity Athletes ◽  
Sexual Cultures ◽  
Rugby Players

Existing literature on the topic of sport and masculinity has suggested that male varsity athletes model more hegemonic masculine norms (Messner, 2002). In fact, athletic participation has been found to be a predictor of misogynistic and homophobic attitudes (Steinfeldt et al., 2011). It has been argued that these attitudes are further enforced by the fact that the social power possessed by male athletes receives institutional support, which can in turn influence the social and sexual cultures on university campuses (Sanday, 2007). Contact team sports have a reputation for reinforcing hegemonic masculinity more than other sports do (Messner, 2002). Rugby is a particularly aggressive and male-dominated sport (Maxwell & Visek, 2009), however the majority of studies on varsity athletics and masculinity use data from American colleges and focus on contact sports that are historically more prominent in North America such as football and hockey (Steinfeldt et al., 2011; Messner, 2002; Boeringer, 1996). I hope to add to the existing body of research by focusing exclusively on rugby at a Canadian University. To do so, I will conduct interviews with 5 men who are current players on the Queen’s varsity rugby team. I will perform a content analysis on the transcripts of the interviews to assess how male varsity rugby players at Queen’s University understand and express masculinity. I intend to distribute my findings to Queen’s athletic administrators and rugby coaching staff. The findings may contribute to leadership training that addresses gender issues in athletics at Queen’s.

Additional players and half-court areas enhance group tactical-technical behavior and decrease physical and physiological responses in basketball small-sided games

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110536
Author(s):  
Sarah da Glória Teles Bredt ◽  
Daniel de Souza Camargo ◽  
Bernardo Vidigal Borges Mortoza ◽  
André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade ◽  
Leopoldo Augusto Paolucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Heart Rate Monitors ◽  
Numerical Equality ◽  
Acceleration Zone ◽  
Physical Performances ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Game Type

Small-sided games are used to improve tactical-technical and physical performances in team sports. This study compared the physical, physiological, and tactical-technical responses during 3 versus 3 basketball small-sided games performed in full and half-court: numerical equality (3 vs. 3), numerical superiority (4 vs. 3), and with a non-scorer floater (3 vs. 3  +  1). A total of 45 U-14 and U-15 male athletes participated in the study. They were divided into three-player teams and played one 4-minute bout of each small-sided game type. Heart rate and the time spent in four acceleration zones (0.0–0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–1.5, and 1.5–2.0 g) were recorded using heart rate monitors and triaxial accelerometers. Small-sided games were filmed for the analysis of tactical-technical behavior. Results showed a higher frequency of space creation without the ball, and a mean number of passes per offense in the formats 4 versus 3 and 3 versus 3  +  1, and a lower frequency of space creation with the ball dribbled in 3 versus 3  +  1 compared with 3 versus 3. Physical and physiological responses were higher in the full-court regardless of format and in numerical equality regardless of court area; only the time spent in the highest acceleration zone was higher in half-court small-sided games. We concluded that additional players increase group tactical actions and decrease physical and physiological responses in 3 versus 3 basketball small-sided games.

Nutritional Practices of Elite Female Surfers during Training and Competition

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni M. Felder ◽  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Brian J. Lowdon ◽  
David Cameron-Smith ◽  
Gregory R. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
And Training

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary practices of 10 elite female surfers. Four- and five-day food diaries completed over competition and training periods demonstrated energy intakes (mean ± SD) of 9,468 kJ (±2,007) and 8,397 kJ (±1,831), respectively. This level of energy intake was less than that estimated for the requirements of surfing. Female surfers' carbohydrate intakes failed to meet the recommendations, and suboptimal zinc intake was observed with 90% of subjects not meeting the Australian RDI. Comparisons between competition and training demonstrated that carbohydrate (g and g/kg body weight) and confectionary (g) intakes were significantly higher (p < .05) and protein intake was significantly lower (p < .05) during competition. These results show that although body fat stores were not compromised (mean 22%), self-reported energy, carbohydrate, and nutrient intakes were marginal in elite female surfers. Questionnaires revealed that 90% of surfers did not have good nutritional habits while traveling, which was compounded by a lack of knowledge of nutritional practices.

scholarly journals The use of supermarket till receipts to determine the fat and energy intake in a UK population

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan K Ransley ◽  
Judith K Donnelly ◽  
Tanya N Khara ◽  
Helen Botham ◽  
Heidy Arnot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Dietary Surveys ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
Preliminary Research

AbstractObjectives:To validate the use of supermarket receipts as an index of fat and energy intake in a population that buys most of its food from supermarkets.Design:Cross-sectional, prospective dietary survey – feasibility study.Setting:Households situated within a 20-mile radius of a large (Tesco) supermarket in Leeds.Subjects:Two hundred and fourteen households who spend ≥=60% of their food purse in (Tesco and other) supermarkets.Results:Mean daily household purchase of fat, energy and percentage energy from fat contained in food from supermarkets were 185 g, 19.2 MJ and 35.9%. Mean daily household intakes of fat and energy were 190 g and 20.7 MJ, and 35% of energy was derived from fat. Mean household size was 2.4 persons. The association between the amount of fat and energy purchased from supermarkets and the amount of fat and energy consumed by households was strong. 0.90 MJ (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8–1.0) of energy were consumed for every 1 MJ purchased from supermarkets and 0.76 g (95% CI: 0.64–0.87) of fat were consumed for every 1 g of fat purchased.Conclusions:The results show a strong association between estimates of the intakes of fat and energy and percentage energy from fat using 4-day food diaries and 28 days of receipts, in populations who buy most of their food from supermarkets. They also show that the fat content of total food purchases from supermarkets is 35.9% energy from fat compared with 33% energy from fat recommended by the Department of Health. This preliminary research indicates the feasibility of and potential for utilising large quantities of readily available data generated from supermarket checkouts in dietary surveys.

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